{"id":613,"date":"2022-01-26T01:51:03","date_gmt":"2022-01-26T01:51:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/vn\/?p=613"},"modified":"2025-02-14T11:14:59","modified_gmt":"2025-02-14T03:14:59","slug":"fault-tree-diagram-tutorial","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/vn\/fault-tree-diagram-tutorial\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e2y l\u1ed7i"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e2y l\u1ed7i<\/a>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1962 b\u1edfi Bell Laboratories v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1eeb an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e2y l\u1ed7i (FTA) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u1ed7i suy di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 logic Boolean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh (ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn) t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 an to\u00e0n ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u1edf c\u1ea5p h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng (ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng).<\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e2y l\u1ed7i l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h4>\n

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e2y l\u1ed7i l\u00e0 gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u1ed7i x\u1ea3y ra. B\u1ea1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ho\u1eb7c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa. Sau khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh FTA, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n an ninh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e2y l\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u1ef1c quan g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e2y l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. C\u00e2y l\u1ed7i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 (m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng), v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

Ai th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e2y l\u1ed7i<\/h4>\n

FTA \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong ng\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m, h\u00f3a d\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 r\u1ee7i ro cao kh\u00e1c; N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch g\u1ee1 l\u1ed7i trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u FTA<\/h3>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e2y l\u1ed7i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m, nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c nhau trong m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e2y l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7:<\/p>\n

K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u c\u1ed5ng<\/h3>\n
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C\u1ed5ng AND<\/strong>\u200a\u2014\u200a\u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed5ng (c\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o) ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb tr\u00ean c\u1ed5ng (s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ra) x\u1ea3y ra. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ra ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

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C\u1ed5ng OR<\/strong>\u200a\u2014\u200a\u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed5ng (c\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o) s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb tr\u00ean c\u1ed5ng (s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ra). S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/h3>\n

C\u00f3 n\u0103m lo\u1ea1i k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n:<\/p>\n

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H\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt<\/strong>\u200a\u2014\u200aH\u00ecnh ch\u1eef nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00ednh cho c\u00e2y ph\u00e2n t\u00edch. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eb1m r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c trong c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00eam. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 c\u1ed5ng logic v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

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H\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n<\/strong>\u200a\u2014\u200aH\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong c\u00e2y. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u00eam. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ed5ng ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

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H\u00ecnh thoi<\/strong>\u200a\u2014\u200aH\u00ecnh thoi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 do thi\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng tin ho\u1eb7c \u00fd ngh\u0129a. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u00e2y l\u1ed7i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh thoi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1, quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c quy tr\u00ecnh. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh thoi \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u201cquy tr\u00ecnh\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng\u201d nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

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H\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c<\/strong>\u200a\u2014\u200aM\u1ed9t k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u1ea3y ra. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 trong k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u h\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eadt theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u1ea3y ra.<\/p>\n

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H\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c<\/strong>\u200a\u2014\u200aH\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n nh\u00e1nh c\u00e2y l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c trong c\u00e2y. N\u01a1i m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u0169i t\u00ean, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y. Khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng. C\u00e1c ch\u1eef c\u00e1i, s\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chuy\u1ec3n giao t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u chuy\u1ec3n giao n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

Minh h\u1ecda s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e2y l\u1ed7i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t<\/h3>\n
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Ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y<\/a><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e2y l\u1ed7i<\/h3>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t FTA to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, h\u00e3y l\u00e0m theo c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc sau:<\/p>\n

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  1. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/strong>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m ph\u1ea1m vi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng khi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb b\u1ecb l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n
  2. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i c\u1ea5p cao<\/strong>. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 ghi l\u1ea1i l\u1ed7i c\u1ea5p cao nh\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n
  3. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n cho l\u1ed7i c\u1ea5p cao<\/strong>. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng tin k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c l\u00fd do c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 x\u1ea3y ra. H\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5p hai v\u00ec ch\u00fang n\u1eb1m ngay d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1ed7i c\u1ea5p cao nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e2y.<\/li>\n
  4. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp theo<\/strong>. Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1eebng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ed5ng b\u1ed5 sung xu\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ed5ng logic \u201cv\u00e0\u201d hay \u201cho\u1eb7c\u201d.<\/li>\n
  5. Th\u00eam x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t v\u00e0o c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n<\/strong>. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t x\u1ea3y ra cho t\u1eebng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5p th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean.<\/li>\n
  6. Ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh<\/strong>. Chu\u1ed7i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee9ng ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    V\u00ed d\u1ee5 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e2y l\u1ed7i\u200a\u2014\u200a\u0110\u00e8n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1eadt<\/h3>\n

    H\u00e3y xem m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e2y l\u1ed7i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: B\u1ea1n b\u1eadt c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eadt \u0111\u00e8n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e8n kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i l\u00e0 \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng trong ph\u00f2ng,\u201d v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

    Ti\u1ebfp theo, nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng n\u00e0o khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e8n kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng?<\/p>\n

    <\/figure>\n

    Ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y<\/a><\/p>\n

    V\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00e2y l\u1ed7i\u200a\u2014\u200aM\u1eabu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o<\/h3>\n
    <\/figure>\n

    Ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0y<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n

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    C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ed7i tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn<\/h4>\n

    Visual Paradigm Online l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u00edt ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n nay h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ed7i. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia, vi\u1ec7c v\u1ebd ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ed7i tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c quan v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 m\u1eabu ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ed7i phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a VP Online. VP Online l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m v\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 tr\u1ef1c tuy\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y tr\u00ean b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb n\u00e0o, trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u00ecnh duy\u1ec7t n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

    H\u1ecdc qua v\u00ed d\u1ee5: M\u1eabu s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ed7i<\/h4>\n

    M\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u1eabu ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ed7i c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n. D\u00f9 b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 l\u1ed7i, hay ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

    <\/figure>\n