{"id":265,"date":"2022-01-25T10:30:49","date_gmt":"2022-01-25T10:30:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/pl\/?p=265"},"modified":"2025-02-19T10:50:27","modified_gmt":"2025-02-19T02:50:27","slug":"what-is-the-problems-of-waterfall-model","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/pl\/what-is-the-problems-of-waterfall-model\/","title":{"rendered":"Jakie s\u0105 problemy modelu kaskadowego?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--h3\" id=\"8e52\">Model kaskadowy to stosunkowo liniowe podej\u015bcie do projektowania sekwencyjnego w niekt\u00f3rych obszarach in\u017cynierii.<\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"88d3\">W rozwoju oprogramowania jest to jedno z mniej iteracyjnych i elastycznych podej\u015b\u0107, poniewa\u017c post\u0119p p\u0142ynie g\u0142\u00f3wnie w jednym kierunku w d\u00f3\u0142, jak wodospad, przez fazy koncepcji, inicjacji, analizy, projektowania, budowy, testowania, wdra\u017cania i utrzymania. W projektach rozwoju oprogramowania fazy zazwyczaj wygl\u0105daj\u0105 tak:<\/p>\n<figure class=\"graf graf--figure graf-after--p\" id=\"d699\"><img class=\"graf-image\" data-height=\"495\" data-image-id=\"0*BL2OV4hEYw-jwg3u.png\" data-is-featured=\"true\" data-width=\"616\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2022\/02\/0BL2OV4hEYw-jwg3u.png\"\/><figcaption class=\"imageCaption\">Model kaskadowy<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--figure\" id=\"8e0a\"><strong class=\"markup--strong markup--p-strong\">1. Wymagania<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"e936\">Je\u015bli zajmujesz si\u0119 rozwojem oprogramowania lub jakimkolwiek zespo\u0142em zajmuj\u0105cym si\u0119 tworzeniem projekt\u00f3w, chcesz zna\u0107 kontekst biznesowy tego, co pr\u00f3bujesz stworzy\u0107 &#8211; chcesz zdefiniowa\u0107, jakie problemy pr\u00f3bujesz rozwi\u0105za\u0107 i jak ludzie zareaguj\u0105 na tw\u00f3j gotowy produkt. Po zdefiniowaniu wszystkich tych \u201ewymaga\u0144\u201d masz dane wej\u015bciowe, kt\u00f3re s\u0105 potrzebne, aby przej\u015b\u0107 do nast\u0119pnego kroku.<\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"5119\"><strong class=\"markup--strong markup--p-strong\">2. Projektowanie<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"9752\">Ten krok sk\u0142ada si\u0119 ze wszystkich krok\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re musisz wykona\u0107, aby spe\u0142ni\u0107 wszystkie wymagania, kt\u00f3re okre\u015bli\u0142e\u015b wcze\u015bniej. W rozwoju oprogramowania jest to cz\u0119\u015b\u0107, w kt\u00f3rej definiujesz ca\u0142\u0105 architektur\u0119 oprogramowania i sprz\u0119tu, j\u0119zyk programowania, przechowywanie danych itp. To tak\u017ce cz\u0119\u015b\u0107, w kt\u00f3rej okre\u015blasz, jak projekt b\u0119dzie u\u017cyteczny dla jego ko\u0144cowego u\u017cytkownika.<\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"61c7\"><strong class=\"markup--strong markup--p-strong\">3. Wdro\u017cenie<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"d8fc\">W tym kroku zaczynasz budowa\u0107 to, co zaplanowa\u0142e\u015b. Ta cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 metody kaskadowej jest po\u015bwi\u0119cona spe\u0142nieniu standard\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re ustali\u0142e\u015b w poprzednich krokach. To jest cz\u0119\u015b\u0107, w kt\u00f3rej ludzie z zespo\u0142u deweloperskiego wkraczaj\u0105 i realizuj\u0105 wszystkie rzeczy om\u00f3wione w poprzednich krokach.<\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"97b5\"><strong class=\"markup--strong markup--p-strong\">4. Weryfikacja<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"4230\">To jest cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 metody, w kt\u00f3rej wkraczaj\u0105 osoby odpowiedzialne za zapewnienie jako\u015bci, aby upewni\u0107 si\u0119, \u017ce zesp\u00f3\u0142 deweloperski nie pope\u0142ni\u0142 \u017cadnych b\u0142\u0119d\u00f3w. To tak\u017ce najprawdopodobniej cz\u0119\u015b\u0107, w kt\u00f3rej ludzie zdaj\u0105 sobie spraw\u0119, co dzia\u0142a, a co nie dzia\u0142a w ich planie.<\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"1f08\"><strong class=\"markup--strong markup--p-strong\">Zauwa\u017c, \u017ce<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"304d\">Gdy wszystkie rzeczy s\u0105 spe\u0142nione przez deweloper\u00f3w projektu, klient lub ko\u0144cowy u\u017cytkownik wkracza i podejmuje ostateczn\u0105 decyzj\u0119, czy projekt jest gotowy do uruchomienia.<\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"7212\">Metoda kaskadowa podkre\u015bla, \u017ce gdy co\u015b p\u00f3jdzie nie tak na danym etapie, ludzie mog\u0105 wr\u00f3ci\u0107 do poprzedniego, aby zobaczy\u0107, co posz\u0142o \u017ale. Na przyk\u0142ad, je\u015bli wyst\u0119puje problem w realizacji planu i ludzie wiedz\u0105, \u017ce po prostu pod\u0105\u017cali za przekazanym im planem, mened\u017cerowie przygl\u0105daj\u0105 si\u0119 swojemu planowi i dokonuj\u0105 poprawek.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"graf graf--h3 graf-after--p\" id=\"8efc\">Jakie s\u0105 problemy modelu kaskadowego?<\/h3>\n<figure class=\"graf graf--figure graf-after--h3\" id=\"c91e\"><img class=\"graf-image\" data-height=\"460\" data-image-id=\"0*5pAJlKyeehGiGDPP.png\" data-width=\"640\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/pl\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/16\/2022\/02\/05pAJlKyeehGiGDPP.png\"\/><figcaption class=\"imageCaption\">Problem wst\u0119pnych wymaga\u0144\u200a\u2014\u200aPlan a rzeczywisto\u015b\u0107<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--figure\" id=\"81b3\">Klienci mog\u0105 nie wiedzie\u0107 dok\u0142adnie, jakie s\u0105 ich wymagania, zanim zobacz\u0105 dzia\u0142aj\u0105ce oprogramowanie, co prowadzi do zmiany wymaga\u0144, przprojektowania, ponownego rozwoju i testowania, a tak\u017ce zwi\u0119kszonych koszt\u00f3w.<\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"3743\">Deweloperzy mog\u0105 nie by\u0107 \u015bwiadomi przysz\u0142ych trudno\u015bci podczas projektowania nowego produktu lub funkcji oprogramowania, w takim przypadku lepiej jest zrewidowa\u0107 projekt ni\u017c trwa\u0107 przy projekcie, kt\u00f3ry nie uwzgl\u0119dnia nowo odkrytych ogranicze\u0144, wymaga\u0144 lub problem\u00f3w.<\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"ead5\">W zwi\u0105zku z tym nie ma gwarancji, \u017ce wymagania, kt\u00f3re organizacja wymy\u015bli\u0142a, rzeczywi\u015bcie zadzia\u0142aj\u0105. St\u0105d zdasz sobie spraw\u0119, \u017ce model kaskadowy ma nast\u0119puj\u0105ce problemy:<\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"ac6a\">1.<strong class=\"markup--strong markup--p-strong\">Ludzie \u015blepo pod\u0105\u017caj\u0105 za planami.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"8722\">W tradycyjnej metodzie ludzie zwracaj\u0105 wi\u0119ksz\u0105 uwag\u0119 na to, jak rzeczy b\u0119d\u0105 si\u0119 dzia\u0142y w odpowiednim momencie, nie zwracaj\u0105c uwagi na to, czy rzeczy naprawd\u0119 uk\u0142adaj\u0105 si\u0119 w ca\u0142o\u015b\u0107. Chocia\u017c planowanie jest wa\u017cne, r\u00f3wnie wa\u017cne jest, aby deweloperzy i kontrolerzy jako\u015bci rozumieli, jak rzeczy powinny si\u0119 dzia\u0107, szczeg\u00f3lnie w relacji z klientem lub ko\u0144cowym u\u017cytkownikiem. Wa\u017cne jest r\u00f3wnie\u017c, aby wszyscy zaanga\u017cowani w projekt mogli natychmiast powiedzie\u0107, jak dany krok w realizacji projektu mo\u017ce si\u0119 nie powie\u015b\u0107, nie czekaj\u0105c na etap testowania.<\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"1b05\">2.\u00a0<strong class=\"markup--strong markup--p-strong\">Proces sekwencyjny i zmiany staj\u0105 si\u0119 kosztowne<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"a9a5\">To podej\u015bcie nie uwzgl\u0119dnia zmiany zdefiniowanych wymaga\u0144 w miar\u0119 post\u0119pu projektu. W zwi\u0105zku z tym istnieje du\u017ce prawdopodobie\u0144stwo, \u017ce oprogramowanie nie spe\u0142ni w pe\u0142ni wymaga\u0144 u\u017cytkownika, b\u0119dzie nieefektywne i b\u0119dzie mia\u0142o s\u0142ab\u0105 funkcjonalno\u015b\u0107.<\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"9d10\">Jest to niewystarczaj\u0105ce, poniewa\u017c deweloperzy nie mog\u0105 po prostu wr\u00f3ci\u0107 i zmieni\u0107 co\u015b w poprzedniej fazie, gdy\u017c wymagania konsument\u00f3w si\u0119 zmieniaj\u0105, ale deweloper musi wr\u00f3ci\u0107 do miejsca, w kt\u00f3rym wymaganie musi si\u0119 zmieni\u0107 i rozpocz\u0105\u0107 t\u0119 faz\u0119 od nowa. Dopiero po zako\u0144czeniu tej fazy mo\u017ce przej\u015b\u0107 do nast\u0119pnej.<\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"df11\">3.\u00a0<strong class=\"markup--strong markup--p-strong\">Ko\u0144cowi u\u017cytkownicy nie wiedz\u0105, czego chc\u0105.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"ac7d\">Najcz\u0119\u015bciej umys\u0142 ko\u0144cowego u\u017cytkownika ci\u0105gle si\u0119 zmienia, a wi\u0119kszo\u015b\u0107 os\u00f3b ma niejasne poj\u0119cie o swoich wymaganiach dotycz\u0105cych oprogramowania, a to w miar\u0119 rozwoju oprogramowania precyzuj\u0105 swoje wymagania.<\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"151f\">Kiedy przychodzi czas na przekazanie gotowego produktu klientowi, prawdopodobnie nie b\u0119d\u0105 zadowoleni z tego, jak to wysz\u0142o, mimo \u017ce celowo m\u00f3wili inaczej w pocz\u0105tkowych etapach. Klientom i ko\u0144cowym u\u017cytkownikom \u0142atwo jest zmienia\u0107 to, czego chc\u0105, w miar\u0119 up\u0142ywu czasu. System kaskadowy nie ma jeszcze sposobu na rozwi\u0105zanie tego, bez konieczno\u015bci rewizji plan\u00f3w i ponownego wykonania ca\u0142ego projektu.<\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"f795\">4.\u00a0<strong class=\"markup--strong markup--p-strong\">Testowanie jako\u015bci mo\u017ce ucierpie\u0107.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"2405\">Niemo\u017cliwe jest dok\u0142adne przewidzenie wynik\u00f3w projektu, a gdy ca\u0142y zesp\u00f3\u0142 jest pod presj\u0105 czasu, mo\u017cliwe jest skr\u00f3cenie etapu testowania, aby dotrzyma\u0107 terminu.<\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"9929\">5.\u00a0<strong class=\"markup--strong markup--p-strong\">Nigdy nie b\u0119dziesz wiedzia\u0142, na jakim etapie naprawd\u0119 jeste\u015b.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"c398\">Poniewa\u017c produkt, kt\u00f3ry pr\u00f3bujesz stworzy\u0107, nie zostanie wyprodukowany a\u017c do samego ko\u0144ca, nie jeste\u015b pewien, czy nadal jeste\u015b na etapie planowania, czy ju\u017c na etapie rozwoju. Oznacza to, \u017ce prawdopodobnie sp\u0119dzisz wi\u0119cej czasu na etapie, ni\u017c si\u0119 spodziewa\u0142e\u015b, z powodu tej s\u0142abej widoczno\u015bci.<\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"b7cb\">Na koniec metoda kaskadowa mo\u017ce by\u0107 zbyt ryzykowna, poniewa\u017c jest zbyt sztywna. Aby stworzy\u0107 produkt, kt\u00f3ry dzia\u0142a i by\u0142by wystarczaj\u0105co elastyczny, aby pom\u00f3c ci zrozumie\u0107, co dzia\u0142a, a co nie.<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"graf graf--h3 graf-after--p\" id=\"132a\">Powi\u0105zane zasoby<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"postList\">\n<li class=\"graf graf--li graf-after--h3 graf--trailing\" id=\"4e5e\">Agile i Scrum\u200a\u2014\u200aArtyku\u0142y o rozwoju oprogramowania (<a class=\"markup--anchor markup--li-anchor\" data-href=\"https:\/\/www.visual-paradigm.com\/scrum\" href=\"https:\/\/www.visual-paradigm.com\/scrum\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Angielski<\/a>) (<a class=\"markup--anchor markup--li-anchor\" data-href=\"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/agile\/\" href=\"https:\/\/www.archimetric.com\/agile\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Chi\u0144ski<\/a><a class=\"markup--anchor markup--li-anchor\" data-href=\"http:\/\/agile.blog.jp\/agile_scrum\/cat_306937.html\" href=\"http:\/\/agile.blog.jp\/agile_scrum\/cat_306937.html\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">Japo\u0144ski<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In reality, customers may not know what their needs are until they see the software at work, so changing their requirements leads to redesign, redevelopment and retesting, and increased costs. Developers may design a new software product or feature without realizing the difficulties ahead, in which case it is better to modify the design rather than insist on a design that does not take into account any newly discovered constraints, requirements, or problems. As a result, there is no guarantee that the requirements the organization has in mind will actually work.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3031,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[52,63,62,53],"class_list":["post-265","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-software-engineering","tag-cn-done","tag-es-done","tag-ja-done","tag-tw-done"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Jakie s\u0105 problemy modelu kaskadowego? - Cybermediana<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/pl\/what-is-the-problems-of-waterfall-model\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pl_PL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Jakie s\u0105 problemy modelu kaskadowego? - Cybermediana\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"In reality, customers may not know what their needs are until they see the software at work, so changing their requirements leads to redesign, redevelopment and retesting, and increased costs. 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