{"id":16539,"date":"2022-01-26T01:52:04","date_gmt":"2022-01-26T01:52:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/in\/develop-dfd-with-stepwise-refinement\/"},"modified":"2026-04-20T17:13:12","modified_gmt":"2026-04-20T09:13:12","slug":"develop-dfd-with-stepwise-refinement","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/in\/develop-dfd-with-stepwise-refinement\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0907\u091c \u0930\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 DFD \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--h3\" id=\"1cbb\"><a class=\"markup--anchor markup--p-anchor\" data-href=\"https:\/\/www.visual-paradigm.com\/guide\/data-flow-diagram\/what-is-data-flow-diagram\/\" href=\"https:\/\/www.visual-paradigm.com\/guide\/data-flow-diagram\/what-is-data-flow-diagram\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916<\/a>(DFDS) \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 DFDs \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u094b\u0915\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0940\u0964<\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"b108\">\u090f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 (DFD) \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (\u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940) \u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"postList\">\n<li class=\"graf graf--li graf-after--p\" id=\"0e20\">\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/li>\n<li class=\"graf graf--li graf-after--li\" id=\"6a76\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/li>\n<li class=\"graf graf--li graf-after--li\" id=\"2dec\">\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--li\" id=\"f2d7\">\u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092f\u0939 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0918\u091f\u0928 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 (\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0907\u091c \u0930\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0928\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0909\u091f\u092a\u0941\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"graf graf--h4 graf-after--p\" id=\"aad7\">\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0907\u091c \u0930\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/h4>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--h4\" id=\"5056\">\u090f\u0915 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0939\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0909\u092a-\u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0902\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u092a \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0902\u091f\u0915\u0930 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"df59\">\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092a-\u092c\u093e\u092f-\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092a \u0930\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0918\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0935\u091f \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0909\u092a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0918\u091f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"2165\">\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948<a class=\"markup--anchor markup--p-anchor\" data-href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/knowledge\/software-design\/dfd-tutorial-yourdon-notation\/\" href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/knowledge\/software-design\/dfd-tutorial-yourdon-notation\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916<\/a>\u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u092a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0909\u092a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 DFD \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 0, 1, 2 \u0906\u0926\u093f), \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0909\u092a-\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930, \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093f \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0918\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"c0eb\">\u091c\u0948\u0938\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0928\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 (\u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0939\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091a\u0940\u091c\u0947\u0902) \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b &#8220;\u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930&#8221; \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917-\u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u2014 \u0909\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092f\u093e \u0939\u092e \u0915\u0939 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"2d53\">\u091a\u0932\u094b \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u091a\u0932\u094b \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094b\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"graf graf--h4 graf-after--p\" id=\"3e6e\">\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0907\u091c \u0930\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/h4>\n<figure class=\"graf graf--figure graf-after--h4\" id=\"8d2f\"><img class=\"graf-image\" data-image-id=\"0*qxK-mPAO_MWdNpr0.gif\" data-is-featured=\"true\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/0qxK-mPAO_MWdNpr0.gif\"\/><\/figure>\n<h4 class=\"graf graf--h4 graf-after--figure\" id=\"645d\"><strong class=\"markup--strong markup--h4-strong\"><em class=\"markup--em markup--h4-em\">\u0918\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092b \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n<blockquote class=\"graf graf--blockquote graf-after--h4\" id=\"4d28\">\n<p>{\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0928\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0930\u0942\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u0948\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0942\u092e \u0932\u0917\u093e\u090f\u0902, \u0932\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0930\u0942\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092b \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902}<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h4 class=\"graf graf--h4 graf-after--blockquote\" id=\"8321\"><strong class=\"markup--strong markup--h4-strong\"><em class=\"markup--em markup--h4-em\">\u092a\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/em><\/strong><\/h4>\n<blockquote class=\"graf graf--blockquote graf-after--h4\" id=\"7a12\">\n<p>{\u0930\u0947\u0938\u093f\u092a\u0940 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926\u0947\u0902, \u091a\u093f\u0915\u0928 \u092d\u0942\u0928\u0947\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902}<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h4 class=\"graf graf--h4 graf-after--blockquote\" id=\"c7f4\"><em class=\"markup--em markup--h4-em\">\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0938\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/em><\/h4>\n<blockquote class=\"graf graf--blockquote graf-after--h4\" id=\"2932\">\n<p>{<em class=\"markup--em markup--blockquote-em\">\u091f\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u0915\u092a\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0922\u0942\u0902\u0922\u0947\u0902, \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902, \u0917\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902, \u0928\u0948\u092a\u0915\u093f\u0928<\/em>}<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h4 class=\"graf graf--h4 graf-after--blockquote\" id=\"558c\"><em class=\"markup--em markup--h4-em\">\u091a\u093f\u0915\u0928 \u092d\u0942\u0928\u0947\u0902<\/em><\/h4>\n<blockquote class=\"graf graf--blockquote graf-after--h4\" id=\"ade9\">\n<p>{<em class=\"markup--em markup--blockquote-em\">\u0913\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/em>400\u00a0,\u00a0<em class=\"markup--em markup--blockquote-em\">\u091a\u093f\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0948\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902, \u091a\u093f\u0915\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u0916 \u0926\u0947\u0902<\/em>400\u00a0<em class=\"markup--em markup--blockquote-em\">\u0913\u0935\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f<\/em>90\u00a0<em class=\"markup--em markup--blockquote-em\">\u092e\u093f\u0928\u091f<\/em>}<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h4 class=\"graf graf--h4 graf-after--blockquote\" id=\"6e69\"><em class=\"markup--em markup--h4-em\">\u0935\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/em><\/h4>\n<blockquote class=\"graf graf--blockquote graf-after--h4\" id=\"1335\">\n<p>{<em class=\"markup--em markup--blockquote-em\">\u0938\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u093e\u091f\u0947\u0902, \u0938\u092c\u094d\u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/em>}<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--blockquote\" id=\"0e0c\">(*\u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924:<a class=\"markup--anchor markup--p-anchor\" data-href=\"https:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/A-level_Computing\/AQA\/Problem_Solving,_Programming,_Data_Representation_and_Practical_Exercise\/Problem_Solving\/Top-down_design_and_Step-wise_refinement\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/A-level_Computing\/AQA\/Problem_Solving,_Programming,_Data_Representation_and_Practical_Exercise\/Problem_Solving\/Top-down_design_and_Step-wise_refinement\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092a-\u0935\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c \u0930\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u2014 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0947\u0902<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"bc4f\">\u091c\u092c \u0907\u0928 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0932\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0939\u092e \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0930 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u094d\u092f\u0942\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u091c\u092c \u0935\u0947 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0939\u092e \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0917\u0924 \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"graf graf--h3 graf-after--p\" id=\"854f\">DFD \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915<\/h3>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--h3\" id=\"167e\">DFD \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0935\u0939<a class=\"markup--anchor markup--p-anchor\" data-href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/knowledge\/software-design\/dfd-tutorial-yourdon-notation\/\" href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/knowledge\/software-design\/dfd-tutorial-yourdon-notation\/\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928<\/a>\u00a0(\u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092a\u0935\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c \u0930\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948) \u0928\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 DFD \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0924\u0915 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930, DFD \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u0942\u0932\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<figure class=\"graf graf--figure graf-after--p\" id=\"6dc4\"><img class=\"graf-image\" data-height=\"549\" data-image-id=\"0*TZMKm3bnkiFJpb4s.png\" data-width=\"882\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/0TZMKm3bnkiFJpb4s.png\"\/><\/figure>\n<ul class=\"postList\">\n<li class=\"graf graf--li graf-after--figure\" id=\"0b42\">\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 DFD \u0915\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/li>\n<li class=\"graf graf--li graf-after--li\" id=\"2991\">\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0947 DFD \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 DFD \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f<\/li>\n<li class=\"graf graf--li graf-after--li\" id=\"fa92\">\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0939\u0940 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (DFD \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902)\u0964 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 DFD 0 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e 1, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e 2)\u0964<\/li>\n<li class=\"graf graf--li graf-after--li\" id=\"b9b5\">\u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u2014 DFD 1 \u2014 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e 1 \u0915\u094b DFD \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0936\u0903 1.1, 1.2 \u0914\u0930 1.3 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li class=\"graf graf--li graf-after--li\" id=\"cadf\">\u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939, \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 (DFD 2) \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f 1.1.1, 1.1.2, 1.1.3 \u0914\u0930 1.1.4\u0964<\/li>\n<li class=\"graf graf--li graf-after--li\" id=\"fce7\">\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 0 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"graf graf--h3 graf-after--li\" id=\"a916\">DFD \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u2014 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/h3>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--h3\" id=\"ad47\">\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u090f\u0915 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n<ol class=\"postList\">\n<li class=\"graf graf--li graf-after--p\" id=\"a743\">\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 (\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0936\u0942\u0928\u094d\u092f)<\/li>\n<li class=\"graf graf--li graf-after--li\" id=\"2a86\">\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930-1 DFD<\/li>\n<li class=\"graf graf--li graf-after--li\" id=\"210c\">\u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u0935\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930-2 DFD \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092b\u0932\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 class=\"graf graf--h3 graf-after--li\" id=\"0d08\">\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d DFD<\/h3>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--h3\" id=\"e943\">\u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0930\u0947\u0932\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e (\u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f) \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u201c<em class=\"markup--em markup--p-em\">\u0938\u0940\u090f\u0938 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e<\/em>\u201c. \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0939\u092d\u093e\u0917\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092f\u0939\u00a0<em class=\"markup--em markup--p-em\">\u0938\u0940\u090f\u0938 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915<\/em>\u00a0\u0914\u0930\u00a0<em class=\"markup--em markup--p-em\">\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/em>\u00a0\u0926\u094b \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0940\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 (\u0915\u0928\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0930\u094d\u0938) \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<figure class=\"graf graf--figure graf-after--p\" id=\"06d3\"><img class=\"graf-image\" data-height=\"121\" data-image-id=\"0*zfUxDeKMy-91D4jJ.png\" data-width=\"567\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/0zfUxDeKMy-91D4jJ.png\"\/><\/figure>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--figure\" id=\"844b\"><a class=\"markup--anchor markup--p-anchor\" data-href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/app\/diagrams\/#diagram:proj=0&amp;type=YourdonandCoadDiagram&amp;gallery=\/repository\/dd87bf2b-0fad-4f7e-8a58-d085c722a254.xml&amp;name=CS%20System%20Context%20DFD\" href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/app\/diagrams\/#diagram:proj=0&amp;type=YourdonandCoadDiagram&amp;gallery=\/repository\/dd87bf2b-0fad-4f7e-8a58-d085c722a254.xml&amp;name=CS%20System%20Context%20DFD\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0907\u0938 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u0921\u0949\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u092b\u0921\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"3215\">\u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0921\u0940\u090f\u092b\u0921\u0940 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"graf graf--h3 graf-after--p\" id=\"1293\">\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 1\u00a0\u0921\u0940\u090f\u092b\u0921\u0940<\/h3>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--h3\" id=\"1b45\">\u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 1 \u0921\u0940\u090f\u092b\u0921\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0921\u0940\u090f\u092b\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0938\u0940\u090f\u0938 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928 (\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093e\u091c\u0928) \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u092e \u0907\u0938 \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n<figure class=\"graf graf--figure graf-after--p\" id=\"b267\"><img class=\"graf-image\" data-height=\"542\" data-image-id=\"0*09gCEUHhCzVfNZeE.png\" data-width=\"695\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/009gCEUHhCzVfNZeE.png\"\/><\/figure>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--figure\" id=\"f97e\"><a class=\"markup--anchor markup--p-anchor\" data-href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/app\/diagrams\/#diagram:proj=0&amp;type=YourdonandCoadDiagram&amp;gallery=\/repository\/d592ccb3-23ca-4bee-8ccb-c6f66e90f921.xml&amp;name=CS%20System%20Level%201%20DFD\" href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/app\/diagrams\/#diagram:proj=0&amp;type=YourdonandCoadDiagram&amp;gallery=\/repository\/d592ccb3-23ca-4bee-8ccb-c6f66e90f921.xml&amp;name=CS%20System%20Level%201%20DFD\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0907\u0938 \u092f\u0942\u0930\u0921\u0949\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0921 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"1903\">\u0938\u0940\u090f\u0938 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u093e\u0930 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\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0907\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0930\u092b\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"1ad6\">\u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930, \u0939\u092e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u090f\u0915\u00a0<em class=\"markup--em markup--p-em\">\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940<\/em>\u00a0\u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u00a0<em class=\"markup--em markup--p-em\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 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markup--p-em\">\u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/em>\u00a0\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u0940 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u201cD\u201d \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924), \u091c\u092c\u0915\u093f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0940\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u00a0<em class=\"markup--em markup--p-em\">\u0930\u0947\u0932\u0935\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u0907\u0935 \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/em>\u00a0\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u0932\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u201cT\u201d \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928\u093f\u0924)\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0949\u0932\u0906\u0909\u091f \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0940\u092c\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"ef88\"><em class=\"markup--em markup--p-em\">\u0938\u0940\u090f\u0938 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915<\/em>\u00a0\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u00a0<em class=\"markup--em markup--p-em\">\u0938\u094d\u092e\u0943\u0924\u093f \u091a\u093f\u0939\u094d\u0928 \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926\u0947\u0902<\/em>\u00a0\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0917\u093e\u00a0<em class=\"markup--em markup--p-em\">\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/em>\u00a0\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u00a0<em class=\"markup--em markup--p-em\">\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936<\/em>\u00a0\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0916\u0930\u0940\u0926\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948\u00a0<em class=\"markup--em markup--p-em\">\u0938\u0940\u090f\u0938 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915<\/em>\u00a0\u091c\u094b 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\u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u091f\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092f\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n<p class=\"graf graf--p graf-after--p\" id=\"0ddd\">\u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902,\u00a0<em class=\"markup--em markup--p-em\">\u0938\u0940\u090f\u0938 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0915<\/em>\u00a0\u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u00a0<em class=\"markup--em markup--p-em\">\u0916\u094b\u090f \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0930\u093f\u092a\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/em>\u00a0\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u00a0<em class=\"markup--em markup--p-em\">\u0918\u091f\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923<\/em>\u00a0\u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u00a0<em class=\"markup--em markup--p-em\">\u0916\u094b\u0908 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941<\/em>\u00a0\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"graf graf--h4 graf-after--p\" id=\"2092\">\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 DFD \u0938\u0940\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/h4>\n<figure class=\"graf graf--figure graf-after--h4\" id=\"5725\"><img class=\"graf-image\" data-height=\"469\" data-image-id=\"0*x63SSpV2vU1_VAP0.png\" data-width=\"653\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/0x63SSpV2vU1_VAP0.png\"\/><\/figure>\n<ul class=\"postList\">\n<li class=\"graf graf--li graf-after--figure\" id=\"6dea\"><a class=\"markup--anchor markup--li-anchor\" data-href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/app\/diagrams\/#diagram:proj=0&amp;type=DataFlowDiagram&amp;gallery=\/repository\/8c2c19d0-cd9d-4e04-8192-ff0a8c6bea8c.xml&amp;name=Securities%20Trading%20Platform\" href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/app\/diagrams\/#diagram:proj=0&amp;type=DataFlowDiagram&amp;gallery=\/repository\/8c2c19d0-cd9d-4e04-8192-ff0a8c6bea8c.xml&amp;name=Securities%20Trading%20Platform\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0938\u093f\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0930\u093f\u091f\u0940\u091c \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0932\u0947\u091f\u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure class=\"graf graf--figure graf-after--li\" id=\"33d3\"><img class=\"graf-image\" data-height=\"422\" data-image-id=\"0*JI71dZxCO-DRk5Ru.png\" data-width=\"605\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/0JI71dZxCO-DRk5Ru.png\"\/><\/figure>\n<ul class=\"postList\">\n<li class=\"graf graf--li graf-after--figure\" id=\"52ca\"><a class=\"markup--anchor markup--li-anchor\" data-href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/app\/diagrams\/#diagram:proj=0&amp;type=DataFlowDiagram&amp;gallery=\/repository\/2e409d26-3345-4516-acde-c36b59fa3e0b.xml&amp;name=Food%20Ordering%20System\" href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/app\/diagrams\/#diagram:proj=0&amp;type=DataFlowDiagram&amp;gallery=\/repository\/2e409d26-3345-4516-acde-c36b59fa3e0b.xml&amp;name=Food%20Ordering%20System\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0926\u0947\u0936 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure class=\"graf graf--figure graf-after--li\" id=\"e6ea\"><img class=\"graf-image\" data-height=\"529\" data-image-id=\"0*vCXwOxzj5Vl9hjDi.png\" data-width=\"757\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/0vCXwOxzj5Vl9hjDi.png\"\/><\/figure>\n<ul class=\"postList\">\n<li class=\"graf graf--li graf-after--figure\" id=\"618e\"><a class=\"markup--anchor markup--li-anchor\" data-href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/app\/diagrams\/#diagram:proj=0&amp;type=DataFlowDiagram&amp;gallery=\/repository\/6963afef-4946-42f3-9117-f089fa70cfc1.xml&amp;name=Customer%20Service%20System%20%28Railway%20Company%29\" href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/app\/diagrams\/#diagram:proj=0&amp;type=DataFlowDiagram&amp;gallery=\/repository\/6963afef-4946-42f3-9117-f089fa70cfc1.xml&amp;name=Customer%20Service%20System%20%28Railway%20Company%29\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (\u0930\u0947\u0932\u0935\u0947 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u0940)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure class=\"graf graf--figure graf-after--li\" id=\"abe3\"><img class=\"graf-image\" data-height=\"560\" data-image-id=\"0*-FMnw-9ZR_ILv1wR.png\" data-width=\"716\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/0-FMnw-9ZR_ILv1wR.png\"\/><\/figure>\n<ul class=\"postList\">\n<li class=\"graf graf--li graf-after--figure\" id=\"27c9\"><a class=\"markup--anchor markup--li-anchor\" data-href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/app\/diagrams\/#diagram:proj=0&amp;type=DataFlowDiagram&amp;gallery=\/repository\/0640ff0f-f7f8-4327-a735-94b451a6fd88.xml&amp;name=Supermarket%20App\" href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/app\/diagrams\/#diagram:proj=0&amp;type=DataFlowDiagram&amp;gallery=\/repository\/0640ff0f-f7f8-4327-a735-94b451a6fd88.xml&amp;name=Supermarket%20App\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0938\u0941\u092a\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u0947\u091f \u0910\u092a<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure class=\"graf graf--figure graf-after--li\" id=\"b1f8\"><img class=\"graf-image\" data-height=\"369\" data-image-id=\"0*nwUfOC7mhvxrRZDn.png\" data-width=\"637\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/0nwUfOC7mhvxrRZDn.png\"\/><\/figure>\n<ul class=\"postList\">\n<li class=\"graf graf--li graf-after--figure graf--trailing\" id=\"2044\"><a class=\"markup--anchor markup--li-anchor\" data-href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/app\/diagrams\/#diagram:proj=0&amp;type=DataFlowDiagram&amp;gallery=\/repository\/3f0b7361-8afd-463e-b1e2-e5a54d5207b3.xml&amp;name=Vehicle%20Maintenance%20Depot\" href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/app\/diagrams\/#diagram:proj=0&amp;type=DataFlowDiagram&amp;gallery=\/repository\/3f0b7361-8afd-463e-b1e2-e5a54d5207b3.xml&amp;name=Vehicle%20Maintenance%20Depot\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0930\u0916\u093e\u0935 \u0921\u093f\u092a\u094b<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>One of the effective way to solve a complex problem is to break it down into simpler sub-problems. You start by breaking down the whole task into simpler parts. 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