{"id":16082,"date":"2025-01-10T17:15:04","date_gmt":"2025-01-10T09:15:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/in\/comprehensive-guide-to-transiting-from-conceptual-logical-to-physical-erd\/"},"modified":"2026-04-14T19:07:42","modified_gmt":"2026-04-14T11:07:42","slug":"comprehensive-guide-to-transiting-from-conceptual-logical-to-physical-erd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/in\/comprehensive-guide-to-transiting-from-conceptual-logical-to-physical-erd\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\/\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.visual-paradigm.com\/support\/documents\/vpuserguide\/3563\/3564\/85378_conceptual,l.html\">\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940-\u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923<\/a> (ERD) \u0915\u094b \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0902\u0915\u093f\u0924 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924, \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e Visual Paradigm \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\/\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 ERD \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091a\u0932\u0947\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e<\/h2>\n<h3>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 ERD<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong>: \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939<\/strong>: \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093f\u0924\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/strong>: \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932, \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 ERD<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong>: \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 ERD \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939<\/strong>: \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/strong>: \u0915\u0949\u0932\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 ERD \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0941\u0932\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong>: \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0942\u0939<\/strong>: \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0915\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/strong>: \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902, \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 DBMS \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\/\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u091a\u0930\u0923<\/h2>\n<h3>\u091a\u0930\u0923 1: \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\/\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 ERD \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Visual Paradigm \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: Visual Paradigm \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0932\u0949\u0928\u094d\u091a \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 ERD \u0915\u094b \u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u0906\u092a \u091c\u093f\u0938 ERD \u0915\u094b \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u093f\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 ERD \u0915\u094b \u0916\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928, \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>\u091a\u0930\u0923 2: \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>ERD \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u090f\u0902-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\/\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 ERD \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0943\u0937\u094d\u0920\u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u090f\u0902-\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u092a\u0949\u092a\u0905\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0928\u0942 \u0938\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947\u0902\u00a0<code class=\"\">\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/code>\u00a0&gt;\u00a0<code class=\"\">\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915\/\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923...<\/code>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>\u091a\u0930\u0923 3: \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0928\u090f ERD \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923<\/strong>: \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u092f\u093e ERD \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0949\u0932\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0949\u0932\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u094b DBMS \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092f\u094b\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947 DBMS \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0949\u0932\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u0941\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 (\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, VARCHAR, INT, DATE)\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f, \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0916\u093e\u0932\u0940, \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u093e\u0902\u091a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>\u091a\u0930\u0923 4: \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\/\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 ERD \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>DBMS \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 DBMS \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0939\u093f\u0924\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u092e\u0902\u091c\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u0915\u094b \u0939\u093f\u0924\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>\u091a\u0930\u0923 5: \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>SQL \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f SQL \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f Visual Paradigm \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 DBMS \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0932\u093e\u090f\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0905\u092a\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0937\u094d\u0920 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong>: \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong>: \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930<\/strong>: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0941\u0928\u0930\u093e\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e<\/strong>: \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>\u0915\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0921\u0940: \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923<\/h2>\n<h3>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f<\/h3>\n<p>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0921\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940-\u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e (ERD) \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0939\u092e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u091a\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092c\u0932 \u0926\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n<h3>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 ERD<\/h3>\n<p>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 ERD \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u0948\u092a\u094d\u091a\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/conceptual_erd_27340.png\"\/><\/p>\n<h4>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927:<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0932\u094d\u092c\u092e<\/strong>: \u091f\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0932, \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928<\/strong>: \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0936\u0949\u0930\u094d\u091f\u0928\u0947\u092e \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b<\/strong>: \u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940, \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915, \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923, \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e, \u0905\u092a\u0932\u094b\u0921\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u092e, \u0905\u092a\u0932\u094b\u0921\u0930 \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930, \u0905\u092a\u0932\u094b\u0921\u0930 \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932, \u0905\u092a\u0932\u094b\u0921\u0930 \u092a\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u091f\u0948\u0917<\/strong>: \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940<\/strong>: \u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0905\u092a\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938<\/strong>: \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927:<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u090f\u0915\u00a0<strong>\u090f\u0932\u094d\u092c\u092e<\/strong>\u00a0\u0915\u0908\u00a0\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u00a0<strong>\u092b\u093c\u094b\u091f\u094b<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>\u090f\u0915\u00a0<strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928<\/strong>\u00a0\u0915\u0908\u00a0\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u00a0<strong>\u092b\u093c\u094b\u091f\u094b<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>\u090f\u0915\u00a0<strong>\u092b\u093c\u094b\u091f\u094b<\/strong>\u00a0\u0915\u0908\u00a0\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u00a0<strong>\u091f\u0948\u0917<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>\u090f\u0915\u00a0<strong>\u092b\u093c\u094b\u091f\u094b<\/strong>\u00a0\u0915\u0908\u00a0\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u00a0<strong>\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>\u090f\u0915\u00a0<strong>\u092b\u093c\u094b\u091f\u094b<\/strong>\u00a0\u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u00a0<strong>\u0905\u092a\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0932\u0949\u091c\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0908\u0906\u0930\u0921\u0940<\/h3>\n<p>\u0932\u0949\u091c\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0908\u0906\u0930\u0921\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0908\u0906\u0930\u0921\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/logical_erd_27341.png\"\/><\/p>\n<h4>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940\u091c \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927:<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0932\u094d\u092c\u092e<\/strong>: \u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940 (\u0907\u0902\u091f), \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930), \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930), \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f (\u0907\u0902\u091f)\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928<\/strong>: \u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940 (\u0907\u0902\u091f), \u0928\u093e\u092e (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930), \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930)\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b<\/strong>: \u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940 (\u0907\u0902\u091f), \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930), \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930), \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930), \u0905\u092a\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f (\u0926\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915), \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f (\u0907\u0902\u091f)\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u091f\u0948\u0917<\/strong>: \u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940 (\u0907\u0902\u091f), \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930)\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940<\/strong>: \u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940 (\u0907\u0902\u091f), \u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f (\u0926\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915), \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930)\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f<\/strong>: \u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940 (\u0907\u0902\u091f), \u0928\u093e\u092e (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930), \u092b\u094b\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930), \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930), \u092a\u0924\u093e (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927:<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u090f\u0915\u00a0<strong>\u090f\u0932\u094d\u092c\u092e<\/strong>\u00a0\u0915\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u00a0<strong>\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u091c<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>\u090f\u0915\u00a0<strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928<\/strong>\u00a0\u0915\u0908 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u00a0<strong>\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u091c<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>\u090f\u0915\u00a0<strong>\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b<\/strong>\u00a0\u0915\u0908 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u00a0<strong>\u091f\u0948\u0917<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>\u090f\u0915\u00a0<strong>\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b<\/strong>\u00a0\u0915\u0908 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u00a0<strong>\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>\u090f\u0915\u00a0<strong>\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b<\/strong>\u00a0\u090f\u0915\u00a0\u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948<strong>\u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0908\u0906\u0930\u0921\u0940<\/h3>\n<p>\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0908\u0906\u0930\u0921\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0921\u0940\u092c\u0940\u090f\u092e\u090f\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/physical_erd_27342.png\"\/><\/p>\n<h4>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927:<\/h4>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0932\u094d\u092c\u092e<\/strong>: \u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940 (\u0907\u0902\u091f, \u092a\u0940\u0915\u0947), \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930), \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930), \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f (\u0907\u0902\u091f)\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928<\/strong>: \u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940 (\u0907\u0902\u091f, \u092a\u0940\u0915\u0947), \u0928\u093e\u092e (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930), \u091b\u094b\u091f\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930)\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b<\/strong>: \u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940 (\u0907\u0902\u091f, \u092a\u0940\u0915\u0947), \u090f\u0932\u094d\u092c\u092e\u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940 (\u0907\u0902\u091f, \u090f\u092b\u0915\u0947), \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940 (\u0907\u0902\u091f, \u090f\u092b\u0915\u0947), \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940 (\u0907\u0902\u091f, \u090f\u092b\u0915\u0947), \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930), \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930), \u0917\u094b\u092a\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930), \u0905\u092a\u0932\u094b\u0921 \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f (\u0926\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915), \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f (\u0907\u0902\u091f), \u091b\u0935\u093f \u092a\u0925 (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930)\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u091f\u0948\u0917<\/strong>: \u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940 (\u0907\u0902\u091f, \u092a\u0940\u0915\u0947), \u0936\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0937\u0915 (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930)\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u091f\u0948\u0917_\u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b<\/strong>: \u091f\u0948\u0917\u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940 (\u0907\u0902\u091f, \u090f\u092b\u0915\u0947), \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940 (\u0907\u0902\u091f, \u090f\u092b\u0915\u0947)\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u0940<\/strong>: \u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940 (\u0907\u0902\u091f, \u092a\u0940\u0915\u0947), \u092b\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940 (\u0907\u0902\u091f, \u090f\u092b\u0915\u0947), \u092a\u094b\u0938\u094d\u091f \u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f (\u0926\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0915), \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930)\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f<\/strong>: ID (\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940), \u0928\u093e\u092e (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930), \u092b\u093c\u094b\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930), \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932 (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930), \u092a\u0924\u093e (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u091a\u0930).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h4>\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927:<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>\u090f\u0915\u00a0<strong>\u090f\u0932\u094d\u092c\u092e<\/strong>\u00a0\u0915\u0908\u00a0<strong>\u092b\u093c\u094b\u091f\u094b<\/strong>\u00a0(\u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940: \u090f\u0932\u094d\u092c\u092e\u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940).<\/li>\n<li>\u090f\u0915\u00a0<strong>\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928<\/strong>\u00a0\u0915\u0908\u00a0<strong>\u092b\u093c\u094b\u091f\u094b<\/strong>\u00a0(\u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940: \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940).<\/li>\n<li>\u090f\u0915\u00a0<strong>\u092b\u093c\u094b\u091f\u094b<\/strong>\u00a0\u0915\u0908\u00a0<strong>\u091f\u0948\u0917<\/strong>\u00a0\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947\u00a0<strong>\u091f\u0948\u0917_\u092b\u093c\u094b\u091f\u094b<\/strong>\u00a0\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e.<\/li>\n<li>\u090f\u0915\u00a0<strong>\u092b\u093c\u094b\u091f\u094b<\/strong>\u00a0\u0915\u0908\u00a0<strong>\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u092a\u0923\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901<\/strong>\u00a0(\u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940: \u092b\u093c\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940).<\/li>\n<li>\u090f\u0915\u00a0<strong>\u092b\u093c\u094b\u091f\u094b<\/strong>\u00a0\u090f\u0915\u00a0<strong>\u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f<\/strong>\u00a0(\u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940: \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f\u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 ERD \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 ERD \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 ERD \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f Visual Paradigm \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 ERD \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u0915\u0949\u0932\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 ERD \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f Visual Paradigm \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>:\n<ul>\n<li>DBMS \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0949\u0932\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0949\u0932\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (PK) \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 (FK) \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0941\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0924\u093e, DBMS \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093f\u0924\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f SQL \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Visual Paradigm: \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940-\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.visual-paradigm.com\">Visual Paradigm<\/a> \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u092b\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0936 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.visual-paradigm.com\/features\/database-design-with-erd-tools\/\">\u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940-\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/a> (ER) \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0908 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b Visual Paradigm \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n<h3>1.\u00a0<strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD<\/strong>: <a href=\"http:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\">Visual Paradigm<\/a> \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 ER \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092a \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0917\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong>: \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 ERD \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u090f \u0930\u0916\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0917\u0924\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>2.\u00a0<strong>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/strong>: \u0907\u0938 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f ER \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0916\u0940\u0902\u091a\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e<\/strong>: \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902, \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940-\u0938\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>3.\u00a0<strong>\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/strong>: \u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u092e \u0906\u092a\u0915\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092a\u0915\u093e \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>SQL \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/strong>: \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 SQL \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f DBMS \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>4.\u00a0<strong>\u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u091f\u0940\u092e \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/strong>: \u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u092e \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0915\u0908 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u092a\u0948\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0908 \u0939\u093f\u0924\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0915 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong>: \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092a \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0930\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>5.\u00a0<strong>\u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>DBMS \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/strong>: \u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u092e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 DBMS \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092a\u0915\u093e \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0906\u092f\u093e\u0924\/\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924<\/strong>: \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0942\u092a\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>6.\u00a0<strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u091f\u0947\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0932\u0947\u091f<\/strong>: \u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u092e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 ER \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u091f\u0947\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0932\u0947\u091f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092a \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0922\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928<\/strong>: \u091f\u0942\u0932 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935, \u0917\u0941\u0923, \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947, \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0947 \u0908\u0906\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>7.\u00a0<strong>\u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong>: \u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u094b\u0930\u093f\u092f\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u0942\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928<\/strong>: \u091f\u0942\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092a\u0915\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0930\u0939\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/h2>\n<p>\u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<a href=\"https:\/\/knowhow.visual-paradigm.com\/database-design\/conceptual-logical-physical-erd\/\">\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0908\u0906\u0930\u0921\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0908\u0906\u0930\u0921\u0940<\/a> \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0935\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0917\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947, \u0906\u092a \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0908\u0906\u0930\u0921\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0917\u0920\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u0939 \u0915\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0921\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0908\u0906\u0930\u0921\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0908\u0906\u0930\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0924\u0940 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\u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u093e\u0930\u0902\u091f\u0940 \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0930\u0942\u092a \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938, \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902, \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0914\u0930 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\u092f\u093e \u0921\u0947\u0935\u0932\u092a\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0906\u092a\u0915\u094b \u092c\u0932\u0935\u093e\u0928, \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0908\u0906\u0930 \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0905\u0924\u093f\u0930\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u093e\u0927\u0928<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong>: \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0921\u0940\u092c\u0940\u090f\u092e\u090f\u0938 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936<\/strong>: \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0921\u0940\u092c\u0940\u090f\u092e\u090f\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0906\u092a \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924<\/strong>: \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0905\u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094b\u0902, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c\u0947\u0936\u0928, \u0907\u0902\u0921\u0947\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0907\u0938 \u0917\u093e\u0907\u0921 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947, \u0906\u092a \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915\/\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0908\u0906\u0930\u0921\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0908\u0906\u0930\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u091a\u093f\u0915\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940-\u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 (ERD) \u0915\u094b \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0928\u093e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u091a\u0930\u0923<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16083,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[13,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16082","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-online-diagrams","category-unified-modeling-language"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ 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