{"id":16079,"date":"2025-01-10T18:02:41","date_gmt":"2025-01-10T10:02:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/in\/mastering-data-modeling-from-conceptual-to-physical-design\/"},"modified":"2026-04-14T19:07:41","modified_gmt":"2026-04-14T11:07:41","slug":"mastering-data-modeling-from-conceptual-to-physical-design","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/in\/mastering-data-modeling-from-conceptual-to-physical-design\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e: \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0924\u0915"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948<a href=\"https:\/\/www.visual-paradigm.com\/guide\/data-modeling\/what-is-entity-relationship-diagram\/\">\u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940-\u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e<\/a> (ERDs). \u092f\u0947 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0936\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u0935\u0932\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0935\u092f\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902\u2014\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915\u2014\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p><iframe allow=\"fullscreen; accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen=\"\" class=\"__youtube_prefs__ epyt-is-override no-lazyload\" data-no-lazy=\"1\" data-origheight=\"456\" data-origwidth=\"810\" data-skipgform_ajax_framebjll=\"\" height=\"456\" id=\"_ytid_20113\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/uIbyZEt4AIQ?enablejsapi=1&amp;autoplay=0&amp;cc_load_policy=0&amp;cc_lang_pref=&amp;iv_load_policy=1&amp;loop=0&amp;modestbranding=0&amp;rel=1&amp;fs=1&amp;playsinline=0&amp;autohide=2&amp;theme=dark&amp;color=red&amp;controls=1&amp;\" title=\"YouTube player\" width=\"810\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h2>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940-\u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e (ERD) \u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948?<\/h2>\n<p>\u090f\u0915<a href=\"https:\/\/www.visual-paradigm.com\/features\/database-design-with-erd-tools\/\"> \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940-\u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e<\/a> (ERD) \u090f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u090f\u0915\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/strong>: \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u091c\u094d\u091e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923<\/strong>: \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0942\u092a\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>ERD \u0915\u0947 \u0918\u091f\u0915<\/h3>\n<p><img alt=\"What is ERD\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/what-is-erd.png\"\/><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940\u091c<\/strong>: ERD \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0901, \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930, \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938, \u092a\u0941\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0915\u0947\u0902)\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0917\u0941\u0923<\/strong>: \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u092f\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u0928, \u091c\u094b \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0949\u0932\u092e \u092c\u0928 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u092a\u0939\u0932\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092e, \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0928\u093e\u092e, \u0908\u092e\u0947\u0932)\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/strong>: \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927, \u091c\u094b \u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 (\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u090f\u0915 \u091b\u093e\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093e\u0916\u093f\u0932\u093e \u0932\u0947\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/strong>: \u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u093e \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0947\u091f \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/strong>: \u0926\u094b \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940, \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0928\u0948\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940<\/strong>: \u090f\u0915 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0947 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 (\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u090f\u0915-\u090f\u0915, \u090f\u0915-\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924, \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924-\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924)\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img alt=\"ERD cardinality\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/erd-cardinality.png\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>ERD \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923: \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f<\/h2>\n<p>\u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u091c\u0941\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0928\u0948\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p><img alt=\"Simple ERD example\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/simple-erd-example.png\"\/><\/p>\n<h3>\u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0908\u0906\u0930\u0921\u0940 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/h3>\n<p>\u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0908\u0906\u0930\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909 \u0915\u0947 \u092b\u0941\u091f \u0928\u094b\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940\u091c \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0949\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0926\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u094b \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940\u091c \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li>\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0928\u0948\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u092f\u093e \u0924\u094b \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0940 \u0930\u0947\u0916\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0936 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0909 \u0915\u0947 \u092b\u0941\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932<\/h2>\n<p>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092c\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<a href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/knowledge\/visual-modeling\/conceptual-vs-logical-vs-physical-data-model\">\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915<\/a>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0932\u0917 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0915 \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0917 \u0915\u094b \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h3>\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932<\/h3>\n<p>\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940\u091c, \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928\u0915\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u091b\u0935\u093f 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\u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0949\u0932\u092e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u0915\u094b \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h4>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0915\u093e\u0908<\/strong>: \u0939\u093e\u0902<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/strong>: \u0939\u093e\u0902<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0949\u0932\u092e<\/strong>: \u0939\u093e\u0902<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0915\u0949\u0932\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong>: \u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/strong>: \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/strong>: \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/h4>\n<p>\u090f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0908\u0906\u0930\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902<code class=\"\">\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915<\/code> \u0914\u0930 <code class=\"\">\u0905\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f<\/code> \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947<code class=\"\">\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915\u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940<\/code>, <code class=\"\">\u0905\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940<\/code>, <code class=\"\">\u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f<\/code>, \u0914\u0930 <code class=\"\">\u0938\u092e\u092f<\/code>, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n<h3>\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932<\/h3>\n<p>\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0932\u0902\u092c\u093e\u0908, \u0928\u0949\u0932-\u090f\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0906\u0926\u093f \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f DBMS \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940\u0964<\/p>\n<h4>\u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940\u091c\u093c<\/strong>: \u0939\u093e\u0902<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/strong>: \u0939\u093e\u0902<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d<\/strong>: \u0939\u093e\u0902<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/strong>: \u0939\u093e\u0902<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/strong>: \u0939\u093e\u0902<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/strong>: \u0939\u093e\u0902<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/knowledge\/visual-modeling\/conceptual-vs-logical-vs-physical-data-model\">\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932<\/a>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<table border=\"1\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>ERD \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e<\/th>\n<th>\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915<\/th>\n<th>\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915<\/th>\n<th>\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940 (\u0928\u093e\u092e)<\/td>\n<td>\u0939\u093e\u0902<\/td>\n<td>\u0939\u093e\u0902<\/td>\n<td>\u0939\u093e\u0902<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927<\/td>\n<td>\u0939\u093e\u0902<\/td>\n<td>\u0939\u093e\u0902<\/td>\n<td>\u0939\u093e\u0902<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0902\u092d<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>\u0939\u093e\u0901<\/td>\n<td>\u0939\u093e\u0901<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0915\u0949\u0932\u092e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>\u0935\u0948\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u093f\u0915<\/td>\n<td>\u0939\u093e\u0901<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>\u0939\u093e\u0901<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u0940<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>\u0939\u093e\u0901<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/h4>\n<p>\u090f\u0915 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0910\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947<code class=\"\">\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915<\/code> \u0914\u0930 <code class=\"\">\u0905\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f<\/code> \u0917\u0941\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947<code class=\"\">\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915\u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940 (\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915, \u092a\u0940\u0915\u0947)<\/code>, <code class=\"\">\u0905\u092a\u0949\u0907\u0902\u091f\u092e\u0947\u0902\u091f\u0906\u0908\u0921\u0940 (\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915, \u092a\u0940\u0915\u0947)<\/code>, <code class=\"\">\u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f (\u0924\u093f\u0925\u093f)<\/code>, \u0914\u0930 <code class=\"\">\u0938\u092e\u092f (\u0938\u092e\u092f)<\/code>, \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925\u0964<\/p>\n<h3>\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932<\/h3>\n<p><img alt=\"Conceptual data model\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-5607 size-full\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"150\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/conceptual-data-model.png\" width=\"395\"\/><\/p>\n<p><a class=\"knowledge-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/diagrams.jsp#diagram:proj=0&amp;type=ERDiagram&amp;name=Conceptual%20ERD&amp;external=https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/conceptual-data-model.png\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0907\u0938 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 ERD \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 ERD \u0909\u0928 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0939\u091a\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 \u091b\u0935\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0938\u0940 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u090f\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0928 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u094c\u0928 \u0938\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, &#8216;\u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924&#8217; \u0924\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u092f\u093e \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0921\u093f\u0928\u0948\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0915\u0947\u0964<\/p>\n<h4>\u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/h4>\n<p>\u0928\u094b\u091f: \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 ERD \u0926\u094b \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a &#8216;\u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e&#8217; \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092d\u0941\u091c, \u0906\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 UML \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 ERD \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h3>\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932<\/h3>\n<p>\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 ERD \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 ERD \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 ER \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0949\u0932\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u0926\u0947\u0915\u0930\u0964 \u0939\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u0909\u0938 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940, \u0906\u092a \u0905\u092d\u0940 \u092d\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h4>\u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/h4>\n<p><img alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6848 size-full\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"238\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/logical-er-model-1.png\" width=\"857\"\/><\/p>\n<p><a class=\"knowledge-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/diagrams.jsp#diagram:proj=0&amp;type=ERDiagram&amp;name=Logical%20ERD&amp;external=https%3A%2F%2Feditor.visual-paradigm.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F7%2F2020%2F03%2Flogical-data-model.png\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0907\u0938 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 ERD \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><a id=\"toc8\" name=\"toc8\"><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932<\/h3>\n<p>\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092c\u094d\u0932\u0942\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0902\u091f \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 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\u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0907\u0938\u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0949\u0932\u092e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 DBMS \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0949\u0932\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-6850 size-full\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"430\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/physical-er-model-1.png\" width=\"1032\"\/><\/p>\n<p><a class=\"knowledge-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/diagrams.jsp#diagram:proj=0&amp;type=ERDiagram&amp;name=Physical%20ERD&amp;external=https%3A%2F%2Feditor.visual-paradigm.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F7%2F2020%2F03%2Fphysical-data-model.png\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">\u0907\u0938 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092a\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902<\/a><\/p>\n<h1>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u091f\u0940\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 ER \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u091f\u0942\u0932<\/h1>\n<p>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0905\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940-\u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a (ER) \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0930\u091a\u0928\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0943\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u094c\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 ER \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u091f\u0942\u0932\u094d\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947, \u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u092e \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u091f\u0940\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n<h2>\u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/h2>\n<p>\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u092e \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ER \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090f\u0915 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u091f \u091f\u0942\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091f\u0940\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u0940\u092f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0924\u0915 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0930\u0941\u0915\u093e\u0935\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u0924\u093f \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0924\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u093f\u092e \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u092d\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938<\/h2>\n<p>\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0917-\u090f\u0902\u0921-\u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u092a \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940, \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u091f\u0940\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u0926\u093e\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0930 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0926\u0947 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.visual-paradigm.com\">\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u092e<\/a> \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u092d\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0908 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b <a href=\"https:\/\/www.visual-paradigm.com\/features\/database-design-with-erd-tools\/\">ER \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/a>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u092d\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u090f\u0902<\/strong>: \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902, \u0935\u093f\u0926\u0947\u0936\u0940 \u0915\u0941\u0902\u091c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0906\u092a\u0915\u093e \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>SQL \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928<\/strong>: \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 SQL \u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092a\u094d\u091f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u091a\u0941\u0928\u0947 \u0917\u090f DBMS \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0938\u094d\u0915\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u0947\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940<\/strong>: \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u094b \u091f\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u090f \u091f\u0940\u092e \u0938\u0926\u0938\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u091a\u0915\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0916\u0902\u0921\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/h2>\n<p>\u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u092e \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0939\u0940 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\u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u091f\u0940\u092e \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902, \u092c\u0926\u0932\u093e\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0930\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/h2>\n<p>\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u092e \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 DBMS \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092a\u0915\u093e \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 ERD \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091f\u0942\u0932 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092b\u0949\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u091f\u0942\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928<\/h2>\n<p>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0928\u0942\u0920\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u092e \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0947 ER \u0906\u0930\u0947\u0916\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0909\u0928 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u093e\u092a\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0915\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c\u0947\u092c\u0932 \u091f\u0947\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0932\u0947\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940, \u0917\u0941\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947, \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u0938\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0938\u0940\u0916\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928<\/h2>\n<p>\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u093e\u0920\u094d\u092f\u091a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u0906\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u092a\u0915\u094b \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928 \u090f\u0930 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u092d\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0916\u094b\u091c \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u091f\u0940\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/h2>\n<p>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u091f\u0940\u092e \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u090f \u0917\u090f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0902\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u092c \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0924 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u094b \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 \u092e\u0948\u092a \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915, \u0924\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u0947, \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/visaul-paradigm.com\">\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094d\u092e<\/a> \u0906\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936 \u0939\u0948 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.visual-paradigm.com\/tutorials\/how-to-model-relational-database-with-erd.jsp\">\u0908\u0906\u0930 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923<\/a> \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u091f\u0940\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u091c\u094b \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0917\u092e \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0938\u0947\u091f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093e-\u0905\u0928\u0941\u0915\u0942\u0932 \u0907\u0902\u091f\u0930\u092b\u0947\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0921\u0940\u092c\u0940\u090f\u092e\u090f\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u090f\u0915\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0915, \u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0932\u091a\u0940\u0932\u0947, \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e\u092c\u0947\u0938 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0938\u092d\u0940 \u091a\u0940\u091c\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094d\u092e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947,<a href=\"http:\/\/visual-paradigm.com\">\u0935\u093f\u091c\u0941\u0905\u0932 \u092a\u0948\u0930\u093e\u0921\u093e\u0907\u0917\u094d\u092e<\/a>\u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0938 \u091f\u0940\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u090f\u092a\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092b\u0932 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940-\u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e (ERDs).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16080,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[5,3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16079","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-software-engineering","category-unified-modeling-language"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e: \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0924\u0915 - Cybermedian Indian<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/in\/mastering-data-modeling-from-conceptual-to-physical-design\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"hi_IN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e: \u0938\u0902\u0915\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0928\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0924\u0915 - Cybermedian Indian\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0921\u0947\u091f\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u090f\u0902\u091f\u093f\u091f\u0940-\u0930\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0936\u093f\u092a \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092e (ERDs).\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/in\/mastering-data-modeling-from-conceptual-to-physical-design\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Cybermedian Indian\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-01-10T10:02:41+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-04-14T11:07:41+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/servlet\/editor-content\/knowledge\/visual-modeling\/conceptual-vs-logical-vs-physical-data-model\/sites\/7\/2020\/03\/what-is-erd.png\" \/><meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/online.visual-paradigm.com\/servlet\/editor-content\/knowledge\/visual-modeling\/conceptual-vs-logical-vs-physical-data-model\/sites\/7\/2020\/03\/what-is-erd.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"444\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"264\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"vpadmin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:image\" 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