{"id":12515,"date":"2026-09-28T17:35:47","date_gmt":"2026-09-28T09:35:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/fr\/use-case-diagrams-a-practical-guide\/"},"modified":"2026-09-30T08:33:26","modified_gmt":"2026-09-30T00:33:26","slug":"use-case-diagrams-a-practical-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/fr\/use-case-diagrams-a-practical-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Diagrammes de cas d&#8217;utilisation : Un guide pratique"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Un <strong>diagramme de cas d&#8217;utilisation<\/strong> est un diagramme comportemental UML qui montre comment les utilisateurs externes ou les syst\u00e8mes interagissent avec un syst\u00e8me. Il se concentre sur <strong>ce que fait le syst\u00e8me du point de vue d&#8217;un acteur<\/strong>, et non sur les d\u00e9tails d&#8217;impl\u00e9mentation internes.<\/p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-21251\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"1122\" loading=\"lazy\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1402px) 100vw, 1402px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba301b0c568.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba301b0c568.png 1402w, https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba301b0c568-300x240.png 300w, https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba301b0c568-1024x819.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba301b0c568-768x615.png 768w\" width=\"1402\"\/><\/p>\n<p>Les diagrammes de cas d&#8217;utilisation sont particuli\u00e8rement utiles lors de l&#8217;analyse des exigences car ils offrent une vue de haut niveau de la fonctionnalit\u00e9 et de la port\u00e9e du syst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n<h2>1. Ce qu&#8217;un diagramme de cas d&#8217;utilisation montre<\/h2>\n<p><img alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-21252\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"1086\" loading=\"lazy\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1448px) 100vw, 1448px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba3091eac49.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba3091eac49.png 1448w, https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba3091eac49-300x225.png 300w, https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba3091eac49-1024x768.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba3091eac49-768x576.png 768w, https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba3091eac49-880x660.png 880w\" width=\"1448\"\/><\/p>\n<p>Un diagramme de cas d&#8217;utilisation contient g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Limite du syst\u00e8me<\/strong> \u2014 d\u00e9finit ce qui se trouve \u00e0 l&#8217;int\u00e9rieur du syst\u00e8me mod\u00e9lis\u00e9.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Acteurs<\/strong> \u2014 utilisateurs externes, organisations, appareils ou syst\u00e8mes qui interagissent avec lui.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Cas d&#8217;utilisation<\/strong> \u2014 objectifs ou services que le syst\u00e8me fournit.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Associations<\/strong> \u2014 liens de communication entre les acteurs et les cas d&#8217;utilisation.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Relations entre les cas d&#8217;utilisation<\/strong> \u2014 telles que <code data-backticks=\"1\">&lt;&lt;inclure&gt;&gt;<\/code> et <code data-backticks=\"1\">&lt;&lt;\u00e9tendre&gt;&gt;<\/code>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>G\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation<\/strong> \u2014 h\u00e9ritage entre les acteurs ou les cas d&#8217;utilisation.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Un diagramme de cas d&#8217;utilisation ne montre g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement pas :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>\u00c9tapes de l&#8217;algorithme<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Tables de base de donn\u00e9es<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Classes de programme<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Flux de travail internes<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Dispositions d\u00e9taill\u00e9es de l&#8217;interface utilisateur<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>S\u00e9quences de messages dans le temps<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ces d\u00e9tails sont mieux repr\u00e9sent\u00e9s par des diagrammes d&#8217;activit\u00e9, de classes, de s\u00e9quence ou d&#8217;\u00e9tats.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Concepts cl\u00e9s<\/h2>\n<h3>Limite du syst\u00e8me<\/h3>\n<p>La limite du syst\u00e8me est un rectangle entourant les cas d&#8217;utilisation qui appartiennent au syst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n<p>Par exemple, dans un syst\u00e8me de commerce en ligne :<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang-text\"><code data-language=\"text\">+--------------------------------------+\r\n|        Syst\u00e8me de commerce en ligne        |\r\n|                                      |\r\n|  (Parcourir les produits)                   |\r\n|  (Passer une commande)                       |\r\n|  (Effectuer un paiement)                      |\r\n+--------------------------------------+\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Les acteurs restent en dehors de la limite car ils sont externes au syst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n<p>La limite aide \u00e0 clarifier le <strong>p\u00e9rim\u00e8tre<\/strong> du syst\u00e8me. Si une capacit\u00e9 se trouve en dehors de la limite, elle n&#8217;est pas impl\u00e9ment\u00e9e par le syst\u00e8me mod\u00e9lis\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h3>Acteurs<\/h3>\n<p>Un <strong>acteur<\/strong> est tout \u00e9l\u00e9ment externe qui interagit avec le syst\u00e8me pour atteindre un objectif.<\/p>\n<p>Les acteurs peuvent inclure :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Utilisateurs humains<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Applications externes<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>P\u00e9riph\u00e9riques mat\u00e9riels<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Autres organisations<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u00c9v\u00e9nements temporels ou planifi\u00e9s, lorsqu&#8217;ils sont mod\u00e9lis\u00e9s comme des d\u00e9clencheurs externes<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Exemples :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Client<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Biblioth\u00e9caire<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Passerelle de paiement<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Administrateur<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Service d&#8217;envoi d&#8217;e-mails<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Un acteur repr\u00e9sente un <strong>r\u00f4le<\/strong>, pas n\u00e9cessairement une personne sp\u00e9cifique. Par exemple, \u00ab Client \u00bb est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement pr\u00e9f\u00e9rable \u00e0 \u00ab Alex \u00bb.<\/p>\n<p>Les acteurs peuvent \u00eatre :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Acteurs principaux<\/strong>\u2014 initient des interactions pour atteindre un objectif.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Acteurs de soutien<\/strong>\u2014 fournissent des services au syst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Par exemple, un client peut initier \u00ab Passer une commande \u00bb, tandis qu&#8217;une passerelle de paiement prend en charge \u00ab Traiter le paiement \u00bb.<\/p>\n<h3>Cas d&#8217;utilisation<\/h3>\n<p>Un <strong>cas d&#8217;utilisation<\/strong>repr\u00e9sente un objectif significatif ou un service fourni par le syst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n<p>Les bons noms de cas d&#8217;utilisation suivent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement cette forme :<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang-text\"><code data-language=\"text\">Verbe + objet\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Exemples :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Enregistrer un compte<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Rechercher dans le catalogue<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Soumettre une demande<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>G\u00e9n\u00e9rer un rapport<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Annuler une r\u00e9servation<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Traiter le paiement<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Un cas d&#8217;utilisation doit d\u00e9crire un r\u00e9sultat observable, plut\u00f4t qu&#8217;une \u00e9tape d&#8217;impl\u00e9mentation interne.<\/p>\n<p>Privil\u00e9gier :<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang-text\"><code data-language=\"text\">Passer une commande\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>plut\u00f4t que :<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang-text\"><code data-language=\"text\">Valider l'objet commande\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Le second d\u00e9crit une op\u00e9ration interne plut\u00f4t qu&#8217;un objectif utilisateur.<\/p>\n<h3>Associations<\/h3>\n<p>Une association est un lien de communication entre un acteur et un cas d&#8217;utilisation.<\/p>\n<p>Elle indique que l&#8217;acteur participe ou initie le cas d&#8217;utilisation.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang-text\"><code data-language=\"text\">Client ---- (Passer une commande)\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Les associations n&#8217;indiquent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement pas la s\u00e9quence, le flux de contr\u00f4le ou la direction. Si l&#8217;ordre des interactions est important, utilisez un diagramme de s\u00e9quence ou un diagramme d&#8217;activit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Relations entre les cas d&#8217;utilisation<\/h2>\n<h3><code data-backticks=\"1\">&lt;&lt;inclure&gt;&gt;<\/code><\/h3>\n<p>Utilisez <code data-backticks=\"1\">&lt;&lt;inclure&gt;&gt;<\/code> lorsqu&#8217;un cas d&#8217;utilisation <strong>utilise toujours<\/strong> un autre cas d&#8217;utilisation.<\/p>\n<p>Par exemple, passer une commande peut toujours n\u00e9cessiter une authentification :<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang-text\"><code data-language=\"text\">(Passer une commande) ..&gt; (Authentifier le client) : &lt;&lt;inclure&gt;&gt;\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Le cas d&#8217;utilisation de base d\u00e9pend du cas d&#8217;utilisation inclus.<\/p>\n<p>Utilisez <code data-backticks=\"1\">inclure<\/code> lorsque :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Le comportement est obligatoire.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Le comportement est r\u00e9utilis\u00e9 par plusieurs cas d&#8217;utilisation.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Extraire le comportement am\u00e9liore la clart\u00e9.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Exemple :<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang-text\"><code data-language=\"text\">(Retirer de l'argent) ..&gt; (Authentifier la carte) : &lt;&lt;inclure&gt;&gt;\r\n(V\u00e9rifier le solde) ..&gt; (Authentifier la carte) : &lt;&lt;inclure&gt;&gt;\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Les deux cas d&#8217;utilisation n\u00e9cessitent toujours l&#8217;authentification de la carte.<\/p>\n<h3><code data-backticks=\"1\">&lt;&lt;\u00e9tendre&gt;&gt;<\/code><\/h3>\n<p>Utilisez <code data-backticks=\"1\">&lt;&lt;\u00e9tendre&gt;&gt;<\/code> lorsqu&#8217;un comportement suppl\u00e9mentaire est optionnel ou ins\u00e9r\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re conditionnelle dans un cas d&#8217;utilisation de base.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang-text\"><code data-language=\"text\">(Appliquer une r\u00e9duction) ..&gt; (Passer une commande) : &lt;&lt;\u00e9tendre&gt;&gt;\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Le comportement de r\u00e9duction ne se produit que lorsque les conditions d&#8217;\u00e9ligibilit\u00e9 sont remplies.<\/p>\n<p>Utilisez <code data-backticks=\"1\">\u00e9tendre<\/code> lorsque :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Le comportement est optionnel.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Cela ne se produit que sous une condition.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Le cas d&#8217;utilisation de base est complet sans cela.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Exemples :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>\u00ab Ajouter un emballage cadeau \u00bb \u00e9tend \u00ab Passer une commande \u00bb. <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u00ab Demander un remboursement \u00bb \u00e9tend \u00ab Annuler l&#8217;abonnement \u00bb. <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u00ab Envoyer un e-mail promotionnel \u00bb \u00e9tend \u00ab Terminer l&#8217;inscription \u00bb. <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>La fl\u00e8che pointe du cas d&#8217;utilisation \u00e9tendant vers le cas d&#8217;utilisation de base.<\/p>\n<h3>G\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation<\/h3>\n<p>La g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation repr\u00e9sente une relation \u00ab est-un \u00bb entre des acteurs ou des cas d&#8217;utilisation.<\/p>\n<p>Par exemple :<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang-text\"><code data-language=\"text\">Client Premium --|&gt; Client\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Un client premium est une sorte de client et h\u00e9rite des interactions du client.<\/p>\n<p>La g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation d&#8217;acteurs peut \u00eatre utile lorsque plusieurs acteurs partagent un comportement commun :<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang-text\"><code data-language=\"text\">Administrateur --|&gt; Employ\u00e9\r\nBiblioth\u00e9caire --|&gt; Employ\u00e9\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Utilisez la g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation avec parcimonie. Si la relation est simplement \u00ab utilise \u00bb ou \u00ab participe \u00e0 \u00bb, une association est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement plus appropri\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<h2>4. Acteurs principaux et acteurs de soutien<\/h2>\n<p>Consid\u00e9rez un sc\u00e9nario de paiement en ligne :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Le <strong>Client<\/strong> est l&#8217;acteur principal car il initie l&#8217;achat.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Le <strong>Passerelle de paiement<\/strong> est un acteur de soutien car il traite le paiement \u00e0 la demande du syst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Un mod\u00e8le simple pourrait ressembler \u00e0 ceci :<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang-text\"><code data-language=\"text\">Client ---- (Passer une commande)\r\n(Passer une commande) ---- Passerelle de paiement\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Cette distinction est utile car elle clarifie qui b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie du cas d&#8217;utilisation et quels syst\u00e8mes externes sont impliqu\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<h2>5. Comment identifier les cas d&#8217;utilisation<\/h2>\n<p>Une m\u00e9thode pratique pour d\u00e9couvrir les cas d&#8217;utilisation est de se demander :<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>Qui utilise le syst\u00e8me ?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Quel objectif chaque acteur souhaite-t-il atteindre ?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Quels services le syst\u00e8me fournit-il ?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Quels \u00e9v\u00e9nements d\u00e9clenchent le comportement du syst\u00e8me ?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Avec quels syst\u00e8mes externes le syst\u00e8me doit-il interagir ?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Quel comportement est toujours requis ?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Quel comportement est facultatif ou conditionnel ?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Pour chaque acteur, listez leurs objectifs :<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Acteur<\/th>\n<th>Objectif<\/th>\n<th>Cas d&#8217;utilisation possible<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Client<\/td>\n<td>Trouver un produit<\/td>\n<td>Rechercher des produits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Client<\/td>\n<td>Acheter un produit<\/td>\n<td>Passer une commande<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Client<\/td>\n<td>Payer une commande<\/td>\n<td>Effectuer un paiement<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Administrateur<\/td>\n<td>Maintenir les donn\u00e9es des produits<\/td>\n<td>G\u00e9rer le catalogue<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Passerelle de paiement<\/td>\n<td>Autoriser le paiement<\/td>\n<td>Traiter le paiement<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>L&#8217;objectif doit \u00eatre significatif pour l&#8217;acteur. \u00c9vitez de transformer chaque petite op\u00e9ration du syst\u00e8me en un cas d&#8217;utilisation.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Directives de d\u00e9nomination<\/h2>\n<p>Utilisez des noms clairs et orient\u00e9s vers l&#8217;objectif.<\/p>\n<p>Exemples pertinents :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Cr\u00e9er un compte<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Mettre \u00e0 jour le profil<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Soumettre une r\u00e9clamation<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Suivre l&#8217;exp\u00e9dition<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Approuver la demande<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>G\u00e9n\u00e9rer une facture<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00c9vitez les noms vagues :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Traitement du syst\u00e8me<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>G\u00e9rer les donn\u00e9es<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Fonction utilisateur<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Ex\u00e9cuter une op\u00e9ration<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00c9vitez les d\u00e9tails techniques excessifs :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Ex\u00e9cuter une requ\u00eate SQL<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Appeler un point de terminaison REST<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Instancier PaymentService<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ces \u00e9tapes peuvent \u00eatre valides pour l&#8217;impl\u00e9mentation, mais elles ne sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement pas utiles en tant que cas d&#8217;utilisation de haut niveau.<\/p>\n<h2>7. Exemple : Syst\u00e8me de gestion de biblioth\u00e8que<\/h2>\n<p>Supposons qu&#8217;un syst\u00e8me de biblioth\u00e8que prenne en charge :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Les membres recherchant des livres<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Les membres empruntant des livres<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Les membres rendant des livres<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Les biblioth\u00e9caires g\u00e9rant le catalogue<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Notifications de retard<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Traitement des paiements pour les amendes<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Acteurs possibles :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Membre<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Biblioth\u00e9caire<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Service de notification<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Service de paiement<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Cas d&#8217;utilisation possibles :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Rechercher dans le catalogue<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Emprunter un livre<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Rendre le livre<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Calculer l&#8217;amende<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Payer l&#8217;amende<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>G\u00e9rer le catalogue<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Envoyer une notification de retard<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Relations :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Emprunter un livre inclut V\u00e9rifier l&#8217;adh\u00e9sion.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Emprunter un livre inclut V\u00e9rifier la disponibilit\u00e9 du livre.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Rendre un livre inclut Calculer l&#8217;amende.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Payer l&#8217;amende interagit avec le Service de Paiement.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Envoyer une notification de retard interagit avec le Service de Notification.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>8. Exemple PlantUML<\/h2>\n<p>Le code PlantUML suivant cr\u00e9e un diagramme de cas d&#8217;utilisation pour le syst\u00e8me de biblioth\u00e8que :<\/p>\n<p id=\"RfeBjon\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-21254\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"876\" loading=\"lazy\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1915px) 100vw, 1915px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba3199e848b.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba3199e848b.png 1915w, https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba3199e848b-300x137.png 300w, https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba3199e848b-1024x468.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba3199e848b-768x351.png 768w, https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba3199e848b-1536x703.png 1536w\" width=\"1915\"\/><\/p>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:TPHDJiCm48NtaNA7KVRj0L1LbHQnee2ekaPJTvfQTMpaJ0eHukxOSHp5AMoYvCqtFtvZPLKpMcugbMUAJWnimChop72KbWHBe_CiprYo8dYI1uksXIrgBAaYpR1hQwOAPh2l2JRe7WyIIukLpqB1niAMgWFP-1LgIDHHA9uDovCKw7l1ZknL2Ye0QnW71leLsz1u1FQQR-bdHbswOOj_fotWswC0JKt2Zrpi2Aquk_aPbIcxcllDUr0JS6siDP-mDkOIgI0br1jnOtL21IcXDcSIbzwT-Ym_8jhfqRGRtXU5-ojAXGUf9BT9sZYG9gCIZK8cU9IQXfoeUZ7XdQK9wRvlc63irBMWzkB4PNs4bolPOqF9ScDgfxcvV_nwWWCmcot7kqZLw7sgHgzJTJX1dWrtCCOcCz_4Ov-RG6oLP_5UJhibjxiFndFcsL0RvlFbPFbm1uk5r48rHrek_sF76_yZex-ACMEyxodTyM6qoFVP7gGlTkiBtCgzkJ_6Bm00\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:ZPFDQXin4CVl2_iEWoyvEGyGWadgX9nQIaDoBR8qMGkqMbSQcPhGzucVmo_MaTPQMvirv62GPtx_-TuxJy9HQ4rT6NmZe0wSRjO4IZkKf3jRLtL5cWp2yyxJuQD5K0WD-kYCpvLU6TtH-l3n9o3CuK6BnecsvwJmeAu2QQEzoE64fCx1TsnN3lE_RpdANWfzCi-UqMsrJB5iH_fDonHc1XpunvbXIh0H6bkqbE2VOXVVCN_iJDY6MvfzfQSPl4SLGF38_R3g5yerklW39Qm74nibORecqfpiPVbxO0hbOxjnmH8BWmMZjsxWZvvH7giSVaAZEHJWws7lU1GSrbm9nKFqUKQCloBxxjKQVPhJj4pmnlscith5gwB37bGeawOe3sTCsTXI61bCNm3FMGswtd6VR8M25pA19-i4_SIbHdnYqa_8dcMsbkEssswNXbsUJzonGpvzbOFqjuIkhlx5PVV72VFvOhJBqZ4iRSod1PN6ehEw6XryfiRDNC26n1VynmhgwdZsaqMSVpyPECsXhavvuFfwyUcKu0PkRxML9YXSB2xYnSrCQ5AfMN5-BMCsqRc-BEZLaSI_nEyUl8lMrlm7\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">@startuml\r\nleft to right direction\r\n\r\ntitle Syst\u00e8me de gestion de biblioth\u00e8que - Diagramme de cas d'utilisation\r\n\r\nactor Membre\r\nactor Biblioth\u00e9caire\r\nactor \"Service de notification\" as Notification\r\nactor \"Service de paiement\" as Payment\r\n\r\nrectangle \"Syst\u00e8me de gestion de biblioth\u00e8que\" {\r\n\r\n  usecase \"Rechercher dans le catalogue\" as UC_Recherche\r\n  usecase \"Emprunter un livre\" as UC_Emprunt\r\n  usecase \"Rendre un livre\" as UC_Rendu\r\n  usecase \"V\u00e9rifier l'adh\u00e9sion\" as UC_VerifAdhesion\r\n  usecase \"V\u00e9rifier la disponibilit\u00e9 du livre\" as UC_VerifDisponibilite\r\n  usecase \"Calculer l'amende\" as UC_CalculAmende\r\n  usecase \"Payer l'amende\" as UC_PayerAmende\r\n  usecase \"G\u00e9rer le catalogue\" as UC_GererCatalogue\r\n  usecase \"Envoyer une notification de retard\" as UC_Notifier\r\n}\r\n\r\nMembre --&gt; UC_Recherche\r\nMembre --&gt; UC_Emprunt\r\nMembre --&gt; UC_Rendu\r\nMembre --&gt; UC_PayerAmende\r\n\r\nBiblioth\u00e9caire --&gt; UC_GererCatalogue\r\nBiblioth\u00e9caire --&gt; UC_Emprunt\r\nBiblioth\u00e9caire --&gt; UC_Rendu\r\n\r\nPayment --&gt; UC_PayerAmende\r\nNotification --&gt; UC_Notifier\r\n\r\nUC_Emprunt ..&gt; UC_VerifAdhesion : &lt;&lt;include&gt;&gt;\r\nUC_Emprunt ..&gt; UC_VerifDisponibilite : &lt;&lt;include&gt;&gt;\r\nUC_Rendu ..&gt; UC_CalculAmende : &lt;&lt;include&gt;&gt;\r\n\r\nUC_Notifier ..&gt; UC_Rendu : &lt;&lt;extend&gt;&gt;\r\n\r\n@enduml\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:ZPFDQXin4CVl2_iEWoyvEGyGWadgX9nQIaDoBR8qMGkqMbSQcPhGzucVmo_MaTPQMvirv62GPtx_-TuxJy9HQ4rT6NmZe0wSRjO4IZkKf3jRLtL5cWp2yyxJuQD5K0WD-kYCpvLU6TtH-l3n9o3CuK6BnecsvwJmeAu2QQEzoE64fCx1TsnN3lE_RpdANWfzCi-UqMsrJB5iH_fDonHc1XpunvbXIh0H6bkqbE2VOXVVCN_iJDY6MvfzfQSPl4SLGF38_R3g5yerklW39Qm74nibORecqfpiPVbxO0hbOxjnmH8BWmMZjsxWZvvH7giSVaAZEHJWws7lU1GSrbm9nKFqUKQCloBxxjKQVPhJj4pmnlscith5gwB37bGeawOe3sTCsTXI61bCNm3FMGswtd6VR8M25pA19-i4_SIbHdnYqa_8dcMsbkEssswNXbsUJzonGpvzbOFqjuIkhlx5PVV72VFvOhJBqZ4iRSod1PN6ehEw6XryfiRDNC26n1VynmhgwdZsaqMSVpyPECsXhavvuFfwyUcKu0PkRxML9YXSB2xYnSrCQ5AfMN5-BMCsqRc-BEZLaSI_nEyUl8lMrlm7\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:TPHDJiCm48NtaNA7KVRj0L1LbHQnee2ekaPJTvfQTMpaJ0eHukxOSHp5AMoYvCqtFtvZPLKpMcugbMUAJWnimChop72KbWHBe_CiprYo8dYI1uksXIrgBAaYpR1hQwOAPh2l2JRe7WyIIukLpqB1niAMgWFP-1LgIDHHA9uDovCKw7l1ZknL2Ye0QnW71leLsz1u1FQQR-bdHbswOOj_fotWswC0JKt2Zrpi2Aquk_aPbIcxcllDUr0JS6siDP-mDkOIgI0br1jnOtL21IcXDcSIbzwT-Ym_8jhfqRGRtXU5-ojAXGUf9BT9sZYG9gCIZK8cU9IQXfoeUZ7XdQK9wRvlc63irBMWzkB4PNs4bolPOqF9ScDgfxcvV_nwWWCmcot7kqZLw7sgHgzJTJX1dWrtCCOcCz_4Ov-RG6oLP_5UJhibjxiFndFcsL0RvlFbPFbm1uk5r48rHrek_sF76_yZex-ACMEyxodTyM6qoFVP7gGlTkiBtCgzkJ_6Bm00\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"DpPCXKV\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-21255\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"660\" loading=\"lazy\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1016px) 100vw, 1016px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba31a4bda45.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba31a4bda45.png 1016w, https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba31a4bda45-300x195.png 300w, https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba31a4bda45-768x499.png 768w\" width=\"1016\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>9. Explication de l&#8217;exemple<\/h2>\n<h3>Acteurs<\/h3>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:IqmkoIzIy4tDJKejukLA1FDyCfEA4eio4_DW0af--IMPQPd9YIMP-NaAmQb5PPd9gKeAYSKAo19mrG69bRcfUIKe2g5Y0000\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:IqmkoIzIy4tDJIfAvULA1FESCfDoClDBCWwlJ4xCH0Wh1QSMbMKcfogaf2havPTafcKc9vPavkSfAIGMA_WX2M3JK92OcPgRcbS2LXoGM0bY0m00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">actor Membre\r\nactor Biblioth\u00e9caire\r\nactor \"Service de notification\" as Notification\r\nactor \"Service de paiement\" as Payment\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:IqmkoIzIy4tDJIfAvULA1FESCfDoClDBCWwlJ4xCH0Wh1QSMbMKcfogaf2havPTafcKc9vPavkSfAIGMA_WX2M3JK92OcPgRcbS2LXoGM0bY0m00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:IqmkoIzIy4tDJKejukLA1FDyCfEA4eio4_DW0af--IMPQPd9YIMP-NaAmQb5PPd9gKeAYSKAo19mrG69bRcfUIKe2g5Y0000\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Le diagramme mod\u00e9lise deux acteurs humains et deux services externes.<\/p>\n<p>Les alias tels que <code data-backticks=\"1\">as Notification<\/code> rendent les noms longs plus faciles \u00e0 r\u00e9f\u00e9rencer par la suite.<\/p>\n<h3>Limite du syst\u00e8me<\/h3>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:AqfDBadCIyz9LL3ooKmgIYogLF1Dp4jCJyrDpIjH2AuiBadDLLAevkLI008zFJrUhbe0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:AqfDBadCIyz9LL0AhYmkERmYDrKX9LKXFRMu93C_3yHCoapAoSmloJYyeh0qLKcXcfTB0GZqzFHukMe1\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">rectangle \"Syst\u00e8me de gestion de biblioth\u00e8que\" {\r\n    ...\r\n}\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:AqfDBadCIyz9LL0AhYmkERmYDrKX9LKXFRMu93C_3yHCoapAoSmloJYyeh0qLKcXcfTB0GZqzFHukMe1\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:AqfDBadCIyz9LL3ooKmgIYogLF1Dp4jCJyrDpIjH2AuiBadDLLAevkLI008zFJrUhbe0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Le rectangle d\u00e9finit la port\u00e9e du syst\u00e8me. Les cas d&#8217;utilisation \u00e0 l&#8217;int\u00e9rieur du rectangle sont fournis par le syst\u00e8me de biblioth\u00e8que.<\/p>\n<h3>Associations des acteurs<\/h3>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:yqtDJKejKj3LjLC8TOuFJaqiIixWvV954NNABohABmS0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:yqtDJIfALT3LjLC8TOuFIatEI2q2ObukNnG9rzo2ejAyajGY0000\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">Membre --&gt; UC_Recherche\r\nMembre --&gt; UC_Emprunter\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:yqtDJIfALT3LjLC8TOuFIatEI2q2ObukNnG9rzo2ejAyajGY0000\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:yqtDJKejKj3LjLC8TOuFJaqiIixWvV954NNABohABmS0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Ces associations montrent qu&#8217;un membre peut rechercher dans le catalogue et emprunter des livres.<\/p>\n<p>La direction de la fl\u00e8che n&#8217;est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement pas s\u00e9mantiquement importante dans un diagramme de cas d&#8217;utilisation de base. Elle est principalement utilis\u00e9e pour rendre le diagramme lisible.<\/p>\n<h3>Relations d&#8217;inclusion<\/h3>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:2tMETyelAielLz3JirC8TOvtpaXDplPDpKrABLAmKh2noSnBpYbDIRMpu-KAnQhMiImnCoSnAJCdiwGILGS0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:2tMETyqjA2hDAqajKj3JirC8TOuFExooA3CjCxN8DpKtgIXLmKh1nYOpBpcdD2NLpewNAnIV5fVCueBylCoap9pCaiChKRK20000\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">UC_Emprunter ..&gt; UC_V\u00e9rifierMembre : &lt;&lt;include&gt;&gt;\r\nUC_Emprunter ..&gt; UC_V\u00e9rifierDisponibilit\u00e9 : &lt;&lt;include&gt;&gt;\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:2tMETyqjA2hDAqajKj3JirC8TOuFExooA3CjCxN8DpKtgIXLmKh1nYOpBpcdD2NLpewNAnIV5fVCueBylCoap9pCaiChKRK20000\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:2tMETyelAielLz3JirC8TOvtpaXDplPDpKrABLAmKh2noSnBpYbDIRMpu-KAnQhMiImnCoSnAJCdiwGILGS0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>L&#8217;emprunt d&#8217;un livre n\u00e9cessite toujours des v\u00e9rifications d&#8217;adh\u00e9sion et de disponibilit\u00e9, c&#8217;est pourquoi ces \u00e9l\u00e9ments sont mod\u00e9lis\u00e9s comme des cas d&#8217;utilisation inclus.<\/p>\n<h3>Relation d&#8217;extension<\/h3>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:2tMEzyiloKohLD3JirC8TOuFIYqfBSfJi5AmiKcjA4dDIx6p0m00\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:2tMETopBB4ujKj3JirC8TOuFIYt9BorIi5AmiKcjA4dDIx6p0m00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">UC_Aviser ..&gt; UC_Retour : &lt;&lt;extend&gt;&gt;\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:2tMETopBB4ujKj3JirC8TOuFIYt9BorIi5AmiKcjA4dDIx6p0m00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:2tMEzyiloKohLD3JirC8TOuFIYqfBSfJi5AmiKcjA4dDIx6p0m00\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Cela indique que le comportement d&#8217;envoi d&#8217;un avis de retard est un comportement suppl\u00e9mentaire associ\u00e9 au retour d&#8217;un livre.<\/p>\n<p>Cependant, dans un mod\u00e8le de besoins r\u00e9el, une conception plus naturelle pourrait consister \u00e0 associer \u00ab Envoyer un avis de retard \u00bb \u00e0 un processus planifi\u00e9 ou \u00e0 un acteur tel que \u00ab Planificateur de la biblioth\u00e8que \u00bb. La meilleure relation d\u00e9pend des r\u00e8gles m\u00e9tier r\u00e9elles.<\/p>\n<h2>10. Sp\u00e9cification plus d\u00e9taill\u00e9e d&#8217;un cas d&#8217;utilisation<\/h2>\n<p>Un diagramme donne une vue d&#8217;ensemble, mais chaque cas d&#8217;utilisation important devrait g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement avoir une sp\u00e9cification textuelle.<\/p>\n<h3>Cas d&#8217;utilisation : Emprunter un livre<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Champ<\/th>\n<th>Description<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Nom<\/td>\n<td>Emprunter un livre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Acteur principal<\/td>\n<td>Membre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Acteur secondaire<\/td>\n<td>Biblioth\u00e9caire<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Objectif<\/td>\n<td>Emprunter un livre disponible<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pr\u00e9conditions<\/td>\n<td>Le membre est inscrit ; le livre existe<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>D\u00e9clencheur<\/td>\n<td>Le membre demande \u00e0 emprunter un livre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Flux principal<\/td>\n<td>Le syst\u00e8me v\u00e9rifie l&#8217;adh\u00e9sion, v\u00e9rifie la disponibilit\u00e9, enregistre l&#8217;emprunt et met \u00e0 jour le statut du livre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Flux alternatif<\/td>\n<td>Le livre n&#8217;est pas disponible<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Flux alternatif<\/td>\n<td>L&#8217;adh\u00e9sion est expir\u00e9e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Postconditions<\/td>\n<td>L&#8217;emprunt est enregistr\u00e9 et le livre est marqu\u00e9 comme emprunt\u00e9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Un diagramme de cas d&#8217;utilisation ne devrait pas tenter de contenir tous ces d\u00e9tails. Le diagramme fournit la carte ; la sp\u00e9cification fournit le comportement.<\/p>\n<h2>11. R\u00e9f\u00e9rence de syntaxe PlantUML<\/h2>\n<h3>D\u00e9claration des acteurs<\/h3>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:IqmkoIzIS2ujBidFJItYvKe4yvK24YjpK_DA5DmJIrBB4okL51ABOMm0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:IqmkoIzISCx9JCqhuULA1FEK0XABYrEBKdDoKXLIKXKA4ZDJSu7IIWg9nGhkYIMfvOcL0000\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">actor Client\r\nactor \"Passerelle de paiement\" as Gateway\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:IqmkoIzISCx9JCqhuULA1FEK0XABYrEBKdDoKXLIKXKA4ZDJSu7IIWg9nGhkYIMfvOcL0000\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:IqmkoIzIS2ujBidFJItYvKe4yvK24YjpK_DA5DmJIrBB4okL51ABOMm0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>D\u00e9claration des cas d&#8217;utilisation<\/h3>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:AorEJKuiJbLG2iX9J4vLy2zAIIrIKaWiLW3pmLnUhbAuegByvDHYe6HYPMvgNWb48KGCAWG0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:DSex2e0m40N0Nl0EIova2Y_msBmYa1-xIU7jLSHscELKE2L4kDDaDOhsMj4IWy0b5YWFIxHzMty-3Na-kr06CYlR_B9rfNl4zT8D\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">usecase \"Passer une commande\" as PlaceOrder\r\nusecase \"Traiter le paiement\" as ProcessPayment\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:DSex2e0m40N0Nl0EIova2Y_msBmYa1-xIU7jLSHscELKE2L4kDDaDOhsMj4IWy0b5YWFIxHzMty-3Na-kr06CYlR_B9rfNl4zT8D\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:AorEJKuiJbLG2iX9J4vLy2zAIIrIKaWiLW3pmLnUhbAuegByvDHYe6HYPMvgNWb48KGCAWG0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Cr\u00e9ation d&#8217;une limite de syst\u00e8me<\/h3>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:AqfDBadCIyz9LL3opyl9p4jL22x9BqfLKgZcvL80WjBYrEJ4Og2iKr5-EP0EACfFAKqkALPII2nMW8YXAGp8IKnELV0lIaaj0Yi2itYvQW40\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:PSh12SCm30NGUo0xV3nA5cXN4FOd61ofbIno2DszeTU-ytFMAReFecoMix-Je6BqNLbmhGjk6QmITtcALqllZi70owrbdr4WWStj3Fxz23fIYMh78Thuomzlz7NvV040\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">rectangle \"Boutique en ligne\" {\r\n    usecase \"Parcourir les produits\" as Browse\r\n    usecase \"Passer une commande\" as Order\r\n}\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:PSh12SCm30NGUo0xV3nA5cXN4FOd61ofbIno2DszeTU-ytFMAReFecoMix-Je6BqNLbmhGjk6QmITtcALqllZi70owrbdr4WWStj3Fxz23fIYMh78Thuomzlz7NvV040\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:AqfDBadCIyz9LL3opyl9p4jL22x9BqfLKgZcvL80WjBYrEJ4Og2iKr5-EP0EACfFAKqkALPII2nMW8YXAGp8IKnELV0lIaaj0Yi2itYvQW40\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Connexion des acteurs et des cas d&#8217;utilisation<\/h3>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:SoujBidFJIrIqDMrKt0goYylJkNbSaOMz2zAIIq20000\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:Syx9JCqhKT3LjLDmAielBqxbvN962FaNfQGM0G00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">Client --&gt; Browse\r\nClient --&gt; Order\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:Syx9JCqhKT3LjLDmAielBqxbvN962FaNfQGM0G00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:SoujBidFJIrIqDMrKt0goYylJkNbSaOMz2zAIIq20000\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Inclure<\/h3>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:yozAIIrIqDEpKmWeoazEBIuEIApCJSqhKR1IiB79p4lEAKr9jRC30000\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:SyxFpKtCIqbLqDEpKmWeoazEBIvEBV993KZCJCrDpIjHi5AmiSdCIyufJKcrimC0\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">Commande ..&gt; ProcesserLePaiement : &lt;&lt;include&gt;&gt;\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:SyxFpKtCIqbLqDEpKmWeoazEBIvEBV993KZCJCrDpIjHi5AmiSdCIyufJKcrimC0\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:yozAIIrIqDEpKmWeoazEBIuEIApCJSqhKR1IiB79p4lEAKr9jRC30000\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>\u00c9tendre<\/h3>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:SomeoAbqpYyjoCzJqDEpK_0lIaajKh1IiB59hIX9pKknimC0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:SomeoCaiB4qj2irppYyjoCzJqDEpKt3EpyrDp4j9LR1IiB59hIX9pKknimC0\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">AppliquerUnCoupon ..&gt; Commande : &lt;&lt;extend&gt;&gt;\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:SomeoCaiB4qj2irppYyjoCzJqDEpKt3EpyrDp4j9LR1IiB59hIX9pKknimC0\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:SomeoAbqpYyjoCzJqDEpK_0lIaajKh1IiB59hIX9pKknimC0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>G\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation des acteurs<\/h3>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:2oXApSqipNKkBIx9pqqjKj3LhR5JWF40\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:Syx9JCqh2IXApSqipLNGrQsnKt062m40\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">ClientPremium --|&gt; Client\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:Syx9JCqh2IXApSqipLNGrQsnKt062m40\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:2oXApSqipNKkBIx9pqqjKj3LhR5JWF40\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Regroupement par paquets<\/h3>\n<p>Les paquets peuvent regrouper visuellement des cas d&#8217;utilisation li\u00e9s :<\/p>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:POx12eCm44JlWlym-2Urq5jfeVs19Tq6CQwIJGuY_djZIC7Qq-xCFcRMimaarZ6QbgJlnE8nQ-2XmL9Nm4Ic9vkk9sF6A05NagG7bb0882eRqiJS9XOKi04fDgFe0tfsOnfxDZixUAshdmVkD6-j-b_xz2JwPezBb9VciA-LdGEUWj1spcKmYMqlXUi7\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:RSx12i8m383X-s3l4FOcJfZ73HJleOkZsAOZQOKXUn_VmnUppXrqU4s_DB-GYSY38wYEayRdmnFKo0QjK0NtiW0OqLnnoE106crWw4bX7_mOILS2a9GCQaPjkeaLIBoI2b2X7ObtneJ4SSCR4azRldT1wSlFPV4Jqg4bJnp_d3_dxlTJZeGcSA_BXoT1rWj9a_9aiz7Xj0HaZoOc-IJaQMsTMw_FBm00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">rectangle \"Syst\u00e8me Bancaire\" {\r\n  package \"Gestion des Comptes\" {\r\n    usecase \"Ouvrir un Compte\" as OpenAccount\r\n    usecase \"Fermer un Compte\" as CloseAccount\r\n  }\r\n\r\n  package \"Paiements\" {\r\n    usecase \"Virement de Fonds\" as TransferFunds\r\n    usecase \"Payer une Facture\" as PayBill\r\n  }\r\n}\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:RSx12i8m383X-s3l4FOcJfZ73HJleOkZsAOZQOKXUn_VmnUppXrqU4s_DB-GYSY38wYEayRdmnFKo0QjK0NtiW0OqLnnoE106crWw4bX7_mOILS2a9GCQaPjkeaLIBoI2b2X7ObtneJ4SSCR4azRldT1wSlFPV4Jqg4bJnp_d3_dxlTJZeGcSA_BXoT1rWj9a_9aiz7Xj0HaZoOc-IJaQMsTMw_FBm00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:POx12eCm44JlWlym-2Urq5jfeVs19Tq6CQwIJGuY_djZIC7Qq-xCFcRMimaarZ6QbgJlnE8nQ-2XmL9Nm4Ic9vkk9sF6A05NagG7bb0882eRqiJS9XOKi04fDgFe0tfsOnfxDZixUAshdmVkD6-j-b_xz2JwPezBb9VciA-LdGEUWj1spcKmYMqlXUi7\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Notes<\/h3>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:5OpB3O0m3CNkbTZXJS0gS621Vbvf9PgW4FQdt7omBUg4zRCvj6A_OkPcXRO4u6X4VX_NGSEOW4J4rnl5UuxEybk9LOsuPzhbH1JeFrYNG2cG-Vy0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:5OtH3K1040N_9Nfu5QX4GWiRzx39sPErz4GR6dD-9pCPAq6uBckWp1YpJ1myqTi6w8afAosGYWRU9voGCzQATDRt_YMvv1U8NOw3ZjDgLRPDBB5h6rg2rSS7\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">note right of PlaceOrder\r\n  Le client doit \u00eatre authentifi\u00e9\r\n  avant de passer une commande.\r\nend note\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:5OtH3K1040N_9Nfu5QX4GWiRzx39sPErz4GR6dD-9pCPAq6uBckWp1YpJ1myqTi6w8afAosGYWRU9voGCzQATDRt_YMvv1U8NOw3ZjDgLRPDBB5h6rg2rSS7\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:5OpB3O0m3CNkbTZXJS0gS621Vbvf9PgW4FQdt7omBUg4zRCvj6A_OkPcXRO4u6X4VX_NGSEOW4J4rnl5UuxEybk9LOsuPzhbH1JeFrYNG2cG-Vy0\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>12. Am\u00e9lioration de la mise en page des diagrammes<\/h2>\n<p>PlantUML met automatiquement en page les diagrammes, mais plusieurs techniques am\u00e9liorent la lisibilit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h3>Contr\u00f4ler la direction<\/h3>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:oqbDAr4eoLSeoapFA558oInAJIx9pCy30000\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:IyaiIaqkoSpFKqX9LKXFB4tEI5Kul40XfIW_ioGL0000\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">direction de gauche \u00e0 droite\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:IyaiIaqkoSpFKqX9LKXFB4tEI5Kul40XfIW_ioGL0000\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:oqbDAr4eoLSeoapFA558oInAJIx9pCy30000\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Cela est souvent utile lorsque les acteurs doivent appara\u00eetre sur les c\u00f4t\u00e9s et les cas d&#8217;utilisation au centre.<\/p>\n<p>D&#8217;autres directions courantes incluent :<\/p>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:AyalK2Z9LqZABod9prL8oInAJIx9pCy30000\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:IyaiIaqkoSpFKqX9LSX8B2rHICrJI4ei1W00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">direction de haut en bas\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:IyaiIaqkoSpFKqX9LSX8B2rHICrJI4ei1W00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:AyalK2Z9LqZABod9prL8oInAJIx9pCy30000\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Utiliser des alias<\/h3>\n<p>Au lieu de r\u00e9p\u00e9ter de longs noms :<\/p>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:AorEJKuiJbLG2aijoaohL70kBIx9pqqjKl1CISqhoIofL598B5Q0ICA40000\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:AorEJKuiJbLG2ZkyiYWpBJErI257FJCbDQyai-JmIeMKKeNad4mWJqaXiLWXB1MefD8J8bi90000\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">usecase \"V\u00e9rifier l'identit\u00e9 du client\" as VerifyIdentity\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:AorEJKuiJbLG2ZkyiYWpBJErI257FJCbDQyai-JmIeMKKeNad4mWJqaXiLWXB1MefD8J8bi90000\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:AorEJKuiJbLG2aijoaohL70kBIx9pqqjKl1CISqhoIofL598B5Q0ICA40000\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Ensuite, r\u00e9f\u00e9rencez :<\/p>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:2qfDpomkIIroJ4xEByqhKT3JirC8IotAJAlqJ4dDAyaigLImKh2noSnBpYbDIRMp0m00\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:2qfDpomkIIroJ4xEByqhKT3JirC8IotAJAlqJ4dDAyaigLImKh2noSnBpYbDIRMp0m00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">RegisterAccount ..&gt; VerifyIdentity : &lt;&lt;include&gt;&gt;\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:2qfDpomkIIroJ4xEByqhKT3JirC8IotAJAlqJ4dDAyaigLImKh2noSnBpYbDIRMp0m00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:2qfDpomkIIroJ4xEByqhKT3JirC8IotAJAlqJ4dDAyaigLImKh2noSnBpYbDIRMp0m00\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Regrouper les cas d&#8217;utilisation li\u00e9s<\/h3>\n<p>Utilisez des paquets ou des rectangles imbriqu\u00e9s pour s\u00e9parer les zones fonctionnelles :<\/p>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:AqXCpavCJrLGyYzAIIrIy4tC0_9oK_DAb1IgURaKWA2qE3KviHYemhaeDR4aLG6iK4aXiLW18W3ceojDp4jEpK5M2XQ0Agq50000\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:AqXCpavCJrLGSayjBidCprD8IIrMICxFpKtC0xAK5AfvkHI0eBGuDJcn6AZCkUZmojGYXTAyLBWg9ON4OWNdejJ4abJ_efJK8ZGTZdbvfJbOjIJc9QVcGBNK0W00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">package \"Gestion des commandes\" {\r\n    usecase \"Cr\u00e9er une commande\" as CreateOrder\r\n    usecase \"Annuler une commande\" as CancelOrder\r\n}\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:AqXCpavCJrLGSayjBidCprD8IIrMICxFpKtC0xAK5AfvkHI0eBGuDJcn6AZCkUZmojGYXTAyLBWg9ON4OWNdejJ4abJ_efJK8ZGTZdbvfJbOjIJc9QVcGBNK0W00\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:AqXCpavCJrLGyYzAIIrIy4tC0_9oK_DAb1IgURaKWA2qE3KviHYemhaeDR4aLG6iK4aXiLW18W3ceojDp4jEpK5M2XQ0Agq50000\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>\u00c9vitez les croisements excessifs<\/h3>\n<p>Un diagramme devient difficile \u00e0 lire lorsque trop de lignes se croisent. Vous pouvez l&#8217;am\u00e9liorer en :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Placer les acteurs pertinents \u00e0 proximit\u00e9 de leurs cas d&#8217;utilisation<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Regrouper les cas d&#8217;utilisation dans des paquets<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Diviser un grand diagramme en plusieurs diagrammes plus petits<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Utiliser des alias pour des r\u00e9f\u00e9rences claires<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>\u00c9viter les relations inutiles<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>13. Erreurs courantes<\/h2>\n<h3>Mod\u00e9liser les fonctions internes comme des cas d&#8217;utilisation<\/h3>\n<p>Cela est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement trop technique :<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang-text\"><code data-language=\"text\">Valider la connexion \u00e0 la base de donn\u00e9es\r\nS\u00e9rialiser la requ\u00eate\r\nAppeler l'API de paiement\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Privil\u00e9giez des objectifs ayant un sens externe :<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang-text\"><code data-language=\"text\">Effectuer un paiement\r\nSoumettre une demande\r\nG\u00e9n\u00e9rer un rapport\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>Consid\u00e9rer chaque acteur comme une personne<\/h3>\n<p>Les syst\u00e8mes et p\u00e9riph\u00e9riques externes peuvent \u00e9galement \u00eatre des acteurs :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Passerelle de paiement<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Fournisseur d&#8217;identit\u00e9<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Syst\u00e8me d&#8217;entrep\u00f4t<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Lecteur de code-barres<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Service de notification<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Utiliser <code data-backticks=\"1\">inclure<\/code> pour un comportement optionnel<\/h3>\n<p>Si le comportement est optionnel, utilisez <code data-backticks=\"1\">\u00e9tendre<\/code> plut\u00f4t que <code data-backticks=\"1\">inclure<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p>Incorrect :<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang-text\"><code data-language=\"text\">Passer la commande ..&gt; Appliquer le coupon : &lt;&lt;inclure&gt;&gt;\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Si l&#8217;application d&#8217;un coupon est facultative, utilisez :<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang-text\"><code data-language=\"text\">Appliquer le coupon ..&gt; Passer la commande : &lt;&lt;\u00e9tendre&gt;&gt;\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>Utiliser <code data-backticks=\"1\">\u00e9tendre<\/code> pour un comportement obligatoire<\/h3>\n<p>Si un comportement se produit toujours, il devrait g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u00eatre mod\u00e9lis\u00e9 avec <code data-backticks=\"1\">inclure<\/code>.<\/p>\n<pre class=\"lang-text\"><code data-language=\"text\">Passer la commande ..&gt; Authentifier le client : &lt;&lt;inclure&gt;&gt;\r\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>Connecter les cas d&#8217;utilisation directement sans signification<\/h3>\n<p>Une ligne entre deux cas d&#8217;utilisation doit repr\u00e9senter une relation UML valide. \u00c9vitez les connexions arbitraires qui impliquent simplement que les cas d&#8217;utilisation sont d&#8217;une mani\u00e8re ou d&#8217;une autre li\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<h3>Cr\u00e9er un seul diagramme g\u00e9ant<\/h3>\n<p>Un diagramme de cas d&#8217;utilisation doit communiquer clairement \u00e0 un niveau \u00e9lev\u00e9. S&#8217;il contient des dizaines d&#8217;acteurs et de cas d&#8217;utilisation, cr\u00e9ez plusieurs diagrammes organis\u00e9s par sous-syst\u00e8me ou domaine m\u00e9tier.<\/p>\n<h3>Montrer la s\u00e9quence<\/h3>\n<p>Un diagramme de cas d&#8217;utilisation ne montre pas qu&#8217;un cas d&#8217;utilisation se produit avant un autre. Pour la s\u00e9quence, utilisez un diagramme de s\u00e9quence ou un diagramme d&#8217;activit\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h2>14. Quand utiliser d&#8217;autres diagrammes UML<\/h2>\n<p>Les diagrammes de cas d&#8217;utilisation sont les meilleurs pour la port\u00e9e du syst\u00e8me et les objectifs de l&#8217;utilisateur. Combinez-les avec d&#8217;autres diagrammes lorsque plus de d\u00e9tails sont n\u00e9cessaires :<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Exigence<\/th>\n<th>Diagramme utile<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Objectifs de l&#8217;utilisateur et port\u00e9e du syst\u00e8me<\/td>\n<td>Diagramme de cas d&#8217;utilisation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Flux de travail d\u00e9taill\u00e9<\/td>\n<td>Diagramme d&#8217;activit\u00e9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Ordre d&#8217;interaction<\/td>\n<td>Diagramme de s\u00e9quence<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Structure statique du domaine<\/td>\n<td>Diagramme de classes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Cycle de vie des objets<\/td>\n<td>Diagramme d&#8217;\u00e9tat-transitions<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Architecture de d\u00e9ploiement<\/td>\n<td>Diagramme de d\u00e9ploiement<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Composants et d\u00e9pendances<\/td>\n<td>Diagramme de composants<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>15. Processus de mod\u00e9lisation recommand\u00e9<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<p>D\u00e9finir la limite du syst\u00e8me.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Identifier tous les acteurs externes.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Identifier les objectifs de chaque acteur.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Convertir ces objectifs en cas d&#8217;utilisation.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Relier les acteurs aux cas d&#8217;utilisation auxquels ils participent.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Identifier les comportements r\u00e9utilisables obligatoires et les mod\u00e9liser avec <code data-backticks=\"1\">&lt;&lt;inclure&gt;&gt;<\/code>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Identifier les comportements optionnels ou conditionnels et les mod\u00e9liser avec <code data-backticks=\"1\">&lt;&lt;\u00e9tendre&gt;&gt;<\/code>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Ajouter une g\u00e9n\u00e9ralisation uniquement l\u00e0 o\u00f9 il existe une v\u00e9ritable relation \u00ab est-un \u00bb.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Examiner le diagramme avec les parties prenantes.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Ajouter des sp\u00e9cifications textuelles pour les cas d&#8217;utilisation importants.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Diviser le diagramme s&#8217;il devient encombr\u00e9.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>16. Mod\u00e8le PlantUML compact<\/h2>\n<p>Vous pouvez utiliser ceci comme point de d\u00e9part :<\/p>\n<p id=\"LJHMGto\"><img alt=\"\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-21256\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"873\" loading=\"lazy\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1916px) 100vw, 1916px\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba31f7464ec.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba31f7464ec.png 1916w, https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba31f7464ec-300x137.png 300w, https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba31f7464ec-1024x467.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba31f7464ec-768x350.png 768w, https:\/\/www.cybermedian.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/img_6aba31f7464ec-1536x700.png 1536w\" width=\"1916\"\/><\/p>\n<div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\n<div class=\"vpascode-header\">\n<span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span><br \/>\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:PL7DQiCm3BuR_0x2z_O1IWbbtUYf6wpq0KIY9WR7tcnbR9Iz-oolRfVkOikVzFq8Rn9Zv6bqMZawCN20QFk1eREHMhR1QwKLMtO4Xw_4DC8n4Mmn7uyM-uYZ363B8KedrjeyVJ95Z-v2Cu09AlOB2L5CqFTPtLpadt4a0sUj0AP4hHYPFLfVr64Nq1KfWUGnctkbzoddxk0me5mFDE273R4mQhE2C-RBc-oQqyue5RrHlYLqIR9OD7z2p3UxQsfLQrWkctz1O0NhjVMjcpfg6gtkNGlfgY33bDry9xDQRNAL_-y7\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\n            <div class=\"vpascode-viewer-container vpascode-fancy-active\">\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-header\">\r\n                    <span class=\"vpascode-lang-label\">PlantUML<\/span>\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:TL9BJiCm4DrRyXr6sR1g3u2gg1AmfHM80vXa6epyOpoMG8Zxq7FaOjXfWr8btLdFx-SdRoChucID50OF3Eo1TFV6q6h2XhLtKaZ1cWt2lLOTAMiHMeH6HMXl4ckZeoeyQ1F4hyZzhyMYKGrxWfSp0HEDKFLyPW5-CfB32h9N0T7Ymmag1YLVkIu7Lu_UJkqh-9O284NCBVBrxlMzT3r08EqQ7PGf3Sr_knm-P8oy_KYxSBdpDdWg9Hn3oAkehZy2uKVISP1F2Ky3V5tlGzd4ePafT-ED53_bcPE5OBMgbqfURdED9SKCXFMwNgWDjx3PP8f9X7KjnMAzGJjtBDB-oEZQarQARJxd3_G7\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 8px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                                <div class=\"vpascode-code-wrapper\">\r\n                    <pre class=\"lang-plantuml\"><code class=\"language-plantuml\" data-language=\"plantuml\" class=\"language-plantuml\">@startuml\r\nleft to right direction\r\n\r\ntitle Diagramme de cas d'utilisation du syst\u00e8me\r\n\r\nactor Utilisateur\r\nactor \"Syst\u00e8me externe\" as SystemeExterne\r\n\r\nrectangle \"Nom du syst\u00e8me\" {\r\n  usecase \"Objectif principal de l'utilisateur\" as ObjectifPrincipal\r\n  usecase \"Comportement partag\u00e9 requis\" as ComportementRequis\r\n  usecase \"Comportement optionnel\" as ComportementOptionnel\r\n}\r\n\r\nUtilisateur --&gt; ObjectifPrincipal\r\nSystemeExterne --&gt; ObjectifPrincipal\r\n\r\nObjectifPrincipal ..&gt; ComportementRequis : &lt;&lt;inclure&gt;&gt;\r\nComportementOptionnel ..&gt; ObjectifPrincipal : &lt;&lt;\u00e9tendre&gt;&gt;\r\n\r\n@enduml\r\n<\/code><\/pre>                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\r\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:TL9BJiCm4DrRyXr6sR1g3u2gg1AmfHM80vXa6epyOpoMG8Zxq7FaOjXfWr8btLdFx-SdRoChucID50OF3Eo1TFV6q6h2XhLtKaZ1cWt2lLOTAMiHMeH6HMXl4ckZeoeyQ1F4hyZzhyMYKGrxWfSp0HEDKFLyPW5-CfB32h9N0T7Ymmag1YLVkIu7Lu_UJkqh-9O284NCBVBrxlMzT3r08EqQ7PGf3Sr_knm-P8oy_KYxSBdpDdWg9Hn3oAkehZy2uKVISP1F2Ky3V5tlGzd4ePafT-ED53_bcPE5OBMgbqfURdED9SKCXFMwNgWDjx3PP8f9X7KjnMAzGJjtBDB-oEZQarQARJxd3_G7\" \r\n                       target=\"_blank\" \r\n                       rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" \r\n                       class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\">\r\n                        <svg width=\"14\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg>\r\n                        <span>Edit PlantUML in VPasCode<\/span>\r\n                    <\/a>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n            \n<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"vpascode-actions\">\n<a class=\"vpascode-fancy-btn\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vpascode.com\/editor\/#plantuml:PL7DQiCm3BuR_0x2z_O1IWbbtUYf6wpq0KIY9WR7tcnbR9Iz-oolRfVkOikVzFq8Rn9Zv6bqMZawCN20QFk1eREHMhR1QwKLMtO4Xw_4DC8n4Mmn7uyM-uYZ363B8KedrjeyVJ95Z-v2Cu09AlOB2L5CqFTPtLpadt4a0sUj0AP4hHYPFLfVr64Nq1KfWUGnctkbzoddxk0me5mFDE273R4mQhE2C-RBc-oQqyue5RrHlYLqIR9OD7z2p3UxQsfLQrWkctz1O0NhjVMjcpfg6gtkNGlfgY33bDry9xDQRNAL_-y7\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n<svg fill=\"none\" height=\"14\" stroke=\"currentColor\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" style=\"margin-right: 6px;\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" width=\"14\"><path d=\"M11 4H4a2 2 0 0 0-2 2v14a2 2 0 0 0 2 2h14a2 2 0 0 0 2-2v-7\"><\/path><path d=\"M18.5 2.5a2.121 2.121 0 0 1 3 3L12 15l-4 1 1-4 9.5-9.5z\"><\/path><\/svg><br \/>\n<span>Modifier PlantUML dans VPasCode<\/span><br \/>\n<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p class=\"\">Le principe central consiste \u00e0 mod\u00e9liser <strong>les objectifs visibles de l&#8217;ext\u00e9rieur<\/strong>, et non les d\u00e9tails d&#8217;impl\u00e9mentation internes. Un diagramme de cas d&#8217;utilisation robuste rend imm\u00e9diatement compr\u00e9hensibles la limite du syst\u00e8me, les acteurs, les capacit\u00e9s et les d\u00e9pendances importantes.<\/p>\n<h2>R\u00e9f\u00e9rence<\/h2>\n<div class=\"sc-46jc02-0 fPzQAv\">\n<div class=\"sc-46jc02-1 gNJhWh\">\n<div id=\"editor\">\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/skills.visual-paradigm.com\/tw\/docs\/dfd-vs-uml-when-to-use-each\/creating-dfd-uml-visual-paradigm-tools\/how-to-create-uml-with-visual-paradigm-desktop-use-case\/\"><strong>Comment cr\u00e9er un diagramme de cas d&#8217;utilisation UML dans Visual Paradigm<\/strong><\/a>: Un guide \u00e9tape par \u00e9tape couvrant la cr\u00e9ation d&#8217;acteurs, les limites du syst\u00e8me, les associations et les relations inclure\/\u00e9tendre .<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/ultimate-guide-use-case-diagrams-2026\/\"><strong>Guide ultime des diagrammes de cas d&#8217;utilisation en 2026<\/strong><\/a>: Guide complet expliquant la notation de base, les meilleures pratiques et les flux de travail de mod\u00e9lisation pilot\u00e9s par l&#8217;IA .<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.visual-paradigm.com\/bridging-requirements-and-design-a-practical-guide-to-use-case-modeling-with-uml-and-plantuml\/\"><strong>Bridging Requirements and Design: Un guide pratique de la mod\u00e9lisation des cas d&#8217;utilisation<\/strong><\/a>: \u00c9tude de cas r\u00e9elle d\u00e9montrant l&#8217;impl\u00e9mentation de PlantUML et les concepts fondamentaux de mod\u00e9lisation .<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/tw\/master-ai-driven-use-case-diagrams-a-short-tutorial\/\"><strong>Ma\u00eetriser les diagrammes de cas d&#8217;utilisation pilot\u00e9s par l&#8217;IA : Un court tutoriel<\/strong><\/a>: Tutoriel sur l&#8217;utilisation de l&#8217;outil aliment\u00e9 par l&#8217;IA pour g\u00e9n\u00e9rer et affiner les diagrammes de cas d&#8217;utilisation \u00e0 partir de descriptions de domaine .<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/guides.visual-paradigm.com\/de\/docs\/mastering-uml-2-5-a-use-case-driven-approach-to-agile-modeling\/module-2-the-driver-use-case-driven-requirements\/practical-2-hands-on-use-case-modeling\/\"><strong>Pratique 2 : Mod\u00e9lisation des cas d&#8217;utilisation en pratique<\/strong><\/a>: Exercice pratique pour construire manuellement et avec l&#8217;IA un diagramme de syst\u00e8me de gestion de biblioth\u00e8que .<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/linkvp.com\/cn\/solution\/usecase\/usecase\/\"><strong>Diagramme de cas d&#8217;utilisation rendu facile<\/strong><\/a>: Aper\u00e7u des fonctionnalit\u00e9s de diagramme de cas d&#8217;utilisation de Visual Paradigm, y compris l&#8217;\u00e9diteur de flux d&#8217;\u00e9v\u00e9nements et la g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de diagrammes d&#8217;activit\u00e9 .<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc-afr2nh-0 sc-97fke2-1 jmpjbl hkyNvy\"><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Un diagramme de cas d&#8217;utilisation est un diagramme comportemental UML qui montre comment les utilisateurs externes ou les syst\u00e8mes interagissent<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":11,"featured_media":12516,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_title":"","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3,117],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12515","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-unified-modeling-language","category-vpascode"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.7 - 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